Plasma Membrane Shaping

Plasma Membrane Shaping summarizes current knowledge on how cells shape their membrane. Organized in four sections, the book opens with a broad overview of the plasma membrane, its composition, usual shapes and substructures, Actin/WASP/arp2/3 structures, BAR domains, and Ankyrin repeat domains, dynamin, and phospholipid signaling. Other sections cover the shaping of the plasma membrane for transport processes, discussions on exosomes, microvesicles, and endosomes, clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, and other endocytic pits, membrane deformation for cell movement, and some of the most current dry and wet lab research techniques to investigate cellular membrane shaping.

This is an ideal resource for new researchers coming into this area as well as for graduate students. The methods section will be of interest to both microscopists and computer scientists dedicated to the visualization, data collection, and analysis of plasma membrane shaping experiments.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Chapter 1. Introduction and overview of the book
Abstract
Section 1: Building blocks and the shape builders
Chapter 2. Membrane lipid compositions and their difference between subcellular structures
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Membrane lipid elements and compositions: the key examples of their importance
2.3 Plasma membrane
2.4 Endosomes
2.5 Nuclear envelope
2.6 Endoplasmic reticulum
2.7 Lipid droplets
2.8 Golgi apparatus
2.9 Mitochondria
2.10 Impact of membrane lipid composition in health and disease
2.11 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 3. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family, linking cellular signaling to the actin cytoskeleton
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 WASP and N-WASP
3.3 WASP family verprolin homolog
3.4 Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein and scar homolog
3.5 WASP homolog associated with actin, membranes, and microtubules
3.6 Junction-mediating and -regulatory protein
3.7 WAVE homology in membrane protrusions
3.8 Atypical WASP family members in nonmammal cells
3.9 Arpin, a competitor of nucleation-promoting factor
3.10 Conclusions and perfectives
References
Chapter 4. BAR domains
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 BAR/N-BAR domains
4.3 F-BAR domains
4.4 I-BAR domains
4.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Ankyrin repeat domains with an amphipathic helix for membrane deformation
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ankyrin repeat domains are conserved in many species and involved in protein–protein interactions
5.3 Structural folds of ankyrin repeats
5.4 Lipid binding of ankyrin repeat domains
5.5 Membrane deformation ability of ankyrin repeat domains with an amphipathic helix at the cellular membrane
5.6 Membrane deformation ability of K1 ankyrin repeat domain without an amphipathic helix in vitro
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Dynamin: molecular scissors for membrane fission
Abstract
6.1 Dynamin is a GTPase essential for endocytosis
6.2 Functional analyses of dynamin using in vitro reconstitution assays
6.3 Structure of dynamin
6.4 The current models for the dynamin-mediated membrane fission
6.5 Direct observation of the dynamin-mediated membrane fission
6.6 Clusterase model: a novel mechanism of dynamin-mediated membrane fission?
6.7 Future perspectives
References
Chapter 7. ESCRT-mediated plasma membrane shaping
Abstract
7.1 ESCRT-mediated membrane deformation
7.2 Mechanism of the ESCRT pathway
7.3 Vesicle budding from the plasma membrane
7.4 Cytokinesis abscission
7.5 Plasma membrane repair
7.6 Neuronal pruning
References
Chapter 8. Phospholipid signaling, lipase
Abstract
8.1 Phospholipases
8.2 Phospholipase A
8.3 Phospholipase C
8.4 Phospholipase D
References
Chapter 9. Phospholipid signaling: phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases
Abstract
9.1 Phosphoinositides in signal trunsduction
9.2 Phosphoinositide kinases
9.3 Phosphoinositide phosphatases
9.4 Perspectives
References
Chapter 10. Plasma membrane shaping by protein phase separation
Abstract
10.1 Biological phase separation on membranes
10.2 Phase separation of proteins at cell–cell contact sites
10.3 Nephrin at the glomerular filtration barrier
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Synthetic mimics of membrane-active proteins and peptides
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthetic mimics of membrane-active antimicrobial peptides
11.3 Apolipoprotein-mimetic polymers for lipid nanodisc formation
11.4 Conclusion
References
Section 2: The functions of the plasma membrane substance and derived vesicles
Chapter 12. The extracellular vesicles
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Small extracellular vesicles: exosomes
12.3 Medium/large extracellular vesicles: microvesicles and migrasomes
12.4 Role of extracellular vesicles as membrane messengers
12.5 The extracellular vesicles separation techniques used in extracellular vesicles research
12.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 13. Regulation of membrane traffic through recycling endosomes by membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid enriched in recycling endosomes membranes
13.3 Phosphatidylserine enrichment in the cytoplasmic leaflet of recycling endosome membranes by ATP8A1
13.4 Phosphatidylserine-effector recycling endosome proteins that function in membrane traffic
13.5 Emerging roles of phosphatidylserine in recycling endosome membranes
13.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 14. Membrane shaping for clathrin-coated pits and endocytosis
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overview of the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis
14.3 Mechanism for curvature initiation on the flat membrane
14.4 Regulators for driving clathrin-mediated endocytosis
14.5 Coatmer dissociation and actin network disassembly of the clathrin-coated vesicle
References
Chapter 15. Caveolae biogenesis and lipid sorting at the plasma membrane
Abstract
15.1 General introduction
15.2 Biogenesis and composition of caveolae bulbs
15.3 Composition of the caveolae neck and regulation of cell surface association
15.4 The role of lipids in caveolae biogenesis and dynamics
15.5 Acknowledgments and declaration of interests
References
Chapter 16. Non-vesicular lipid transport at membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs)
16.3 ORP5 and ORP8
16.4 Extended synaptotagmins
16.5 TMEM24 and C2CD2
16.6 Nir2/3
16.7 GRAMD1s/Asters
16.8 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 17. Lamellipodia and filopodia
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Lamellipodia
17.3 Filopodia
17.4 Process of cell migration
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Membrane structures, dynamics, and shaping in invadopodia and podosomes
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Membrane structures and dynamics in invadopodia/podosomes
18.3 Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by membrane components during the process of invadopodia/podosome formation
18.4 Membrane shaping at invadopodia and podosomes
18.5 Conclusions and future directions
References
Section 3: Force around the plasma membrane and imaging
Chapter 19. Membrane tension and mechanobiology of cell migration
Abstract
19.1 Plasma membrane tension
19.2 Plasma membrane tension and polarity formation during cell migration
19.3 Membrane-cortex attachment in membrane protrusions and migration
19.4 Plasma membrane tension and cancer cell migration
References
Chapter 20. Brownian ratchet force sensor at the contacting point between F-actin barbed end and lamellipodium tip plasma membrane
Abstract
20.1 Structural characteristics of “lamellipodium”
20.2 Force–velocity relationship in lamellipodium tip actin polymerization
20.3 Actin filaments may function as a force sensor in two ways
20.4 Single-molecule analysis of traction force-induced actin polymerization
20.5 Remaining issues in “Brownian ratchet actin polymerization force sensor”
20.6 Lamellipodium: force sensing organ of the cell
20.7 Information handling through Brownian ratchet mechanisms
References
Chapter 21. Biophysics of cellular membrane shaping on fiber networks
Abstract
21.1 Introduction—plasma membrane structures
21.2 Methods to study plasma membrane shaping
21.3 Study of plasma membrane shaping through aligned fiber networks—STEP method
21.4 Conclusion and future directions in plasma membrane shaping on aligned fiber networks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22. Reconstitution of membrane symmetry breaking
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Membrane fusion, fission, and trafficking
22.3 Autophagy
22.4 Movement: directed membrane deformation
22.5 Growth: biomaterial synthesis
22.6 Challenges and future outlook
Acknowledgments
Appendix
References
Section 4: The microscopy and image analysis for understanding the shaping of the membrane
Chapter 23. Imaging three-dimensional dynamics of plasma membrane structures using ultrathin plane illumination microscopy
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Early imaging technologies to observe plasma membrane dynamics
23.3 Live cell imaging with green fluorescent protein and limitations in imaging technologies
23.4 Advantages of plane illumination microscopy
23.5 Generation of an ultrathin light sheet
23.6 Improvement of the Bessel sheet with super-resolution structured plane illumination
23.7 Lattice light-sheet microscopy
23.8 Membrane dynamics in vivo
23.9 Future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 24. Deep learning for cell shape analysis
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Deep learning and cellular images
24.3 Deep learning frameworks
24.4 Principle of using convolutional neural networks
24.5 Examples of deep learning application to cell shape analysis
24.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Section 5: The essentiality of the membrane shaping by theory and reconstitution
Chapter 25. Physical principles of cellular membrane shapes
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Theory and mechanisms of passive membrane shaping
25.3 Patterning the actin polymerization on the membrane
25.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26. Modeling cellular shape changes in the presence of curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeletal forces
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Simulation
26.3 Results and discussion
26.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 27. Molecular dynamics
Abstract
27.1 Scope of this chapter
27.2 Simulation model for biomembrane/protein systems
27.3 Helix insertion and scaffolding for membrane shaping
27.4 Flexibility of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs domains
27.5 Assembly of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs domains
27.6 Summary
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Plasma Membrane Shaping

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Shiro Suetsugu