Plant Biochemistry

5th Edition - January 20, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Authors: Hans-Walter Heldt, Birgit Piechulla
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 6 3 1 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 7 1 3 - 8

Plant Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, enables students to gain basic knowledge of the entire field, from photosynthesis to genetic engineering and its many commercial applic… Read more

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Plant Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, enables students to gain basic knowledge of the entire field, from photosynthesis to genetic engineering and its many commercial applications. Topics include cell structure and function of isoprenoids, phenylpropanoids and other secondary metabolites, and plant growth regulation and development. The text covers recent research findings and identifies areas of future research. This book is suitable for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in plant physiology, plant pathology, plant cell biology, and other plant sciences, researchers in industries actively involved in agribusiness, other biotechnology enterprises, and researchers in agronomy, agriculture, plant development and related areas.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Leaf Cells Consist of Several Metabolic Compartments
Abstract
1.1 The Cell Wall Gives the Plant Cell Mechanical Stability
1.2 Vacuoles Have Multiple Functions
1.3 Plastids Have Evolved From Cyanobacteria
1.4 Mitochondria Originate From Endosymbionts
1.5 Peroxisomes Perform Fatty Acid Oxidation, Respiration, and Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism
1.6 The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus Form a Network for the Distribution of Biosynthesis Products
1.7 Various Transport Processes Facilitate the Exchange of Metabolites Between Different Compartments
Chapter 2. Solar Power and Photosynthesis Are the Basis of Life on Earth
Abstract
2.1 The Origin of Photosynthesis
2.2 Pigments Capture Energy From Sunlight
2.3 Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment
2.4 Antennas Are Required to Capture Light
Chapter 3. Photosynthesis Is an Electron Transport Process
Abstract
3.1 The Photosynthetic Machinery Is Constructed From Complex Modules
3.2 A Reductant and an Oxidant Are Formed During Photosynthesis
3.3 Elucidation of the 3D Structure of a Photosynthetic Reaction Center of Purple Bacteria Was Resolved by X-Ray Crystallography
3.4 Two Photosynthetic Reaction Centers Are Arranged in Tandem in Photosynthesis of Plants
3.5 Water Is Oxidized by Photosystem II
3.6 Herbicides used in mechanized agriculture target photosystems
3.7 The Cytochrome b6/f Complex Mediates Electron Transport Between Photosystem II and Photosystem I
3.8 The Product of Photosystem I Is Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH)
3.9 Regulatory Processes Control the Distribution of the Captured Photons Between the Two Photosystems
Chapter 4. Adenosine Triphosphate Is Generated by Photosynthesis
Abstract
4.1 A Proton Gradient Serves as an Energy-Rich Intermediate State During Adenosine Triphosphate Biosynthesis
4.2 The Electron Chemical Proton Gradient Can Be Dissipated by Uncouplers to Heat
4.3 H+-ATP Biosynthases From Bacteria, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria Have a Common Basic Structure
4.4 The Biosynthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate Depends on Conformation Change of the Protein
Chapter 5. Mitochondria Are the Power Station of the Cell
Abstract
5.1 Biological Oxidation Is Preceded by Degradation of Substrates to Form Bound Hydrogen and CO2
5.2 Mitochondria Are the Sites of Cell Respiration
5.3 Biological Oxidation Takes Place in the Matrix
5.4 How Much Energy Can Be Gained by the Oxidation of NADH?
5.5 The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Shares Common Features With the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain
5.6 Plant Mitochondria Fulfill Special Metabolic Functions
5.7 Compartmentation of Mitochondrial Metabolism Requires Specific Membrane Translocators
Chapter 6. The Calvin–Benson–Bassham Cycle Catalyzes Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation
Abstract
6.1 Carboxylation, Reduction, and Acceptor Regeneration Are Three Major Steps in CO2 Assimilation
6.2 Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Catalyzes Two Reactions Simultaneously
6.3 The Reduction of 3-Phosphoglycerate Yields Triose Phosphate
6.4 The CO2 Acceptor Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Is Regenerated From Triose Phosphate
6.5 Reductive and Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathways Are Present in Chloroplasts
6.6 Reduced Thioredoxins Transmit the Signal “Illumination” and Activate or Inactivate Enzymes
Chapter 7. Photorespiratory Pathway Recycles Phosphoglycolate
Abstract
7.1 Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Is Recovered by Recycling 2-Phosphoglycolate
7.2 Peroxisomes Need External Reducing Equivalents for the Reduction of Hydroxypyruvate
7.3 Reassimilation of NH4+ Released in the Photorespiratory Pathway in Chloroplasts
7.4 The Peroxisomal Matrix Eliminates Toxic Metabolites
Chapter 8. Photosynthesis Needs the Consumption of Water
Abstract
8.1 The Uptake of CO2 Into the Leaf Is Accompanied by an Escape of Water Vapor
8.2 Stomata Regulate the Gas Exchange of Leaves
8.3 The Diffusive Flux of CO2 Into a Plant Cell
8.4 C4 Plants Perform CO2 Assimilation With Lower Water Consumption Than C3 Plants
8.5 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Allows Plants to Survive Severe Water Shortages
Chapter 9. Polysaccharides Are Storage and Transport Forms of Carbohydrates Produced by Photosynthesis
Abstract
9.1 Sucrose Biosynthesis Takes Place in the Cytosol
9.2 The Utilization of the Photosynthesis Product Triose Phosphate Is Strictly Regulated
9.3 Large Quantities of Carbohydrate Can Be Stored as Starch to Support Metabolism and Growth at Night
9.4 Degradation of starch proceeds in two different ways
9.5 In Some Plants Photoassimilates From the Leaves Are Exported as Sugar Alcohols or Oligosaccharides of the Raffinose Family
9.6 Fructans Are Deposited as Storage Compounds in the Vacuole
9.7 Cellulose Is Synthesized by Enzymes Located in the Plasma Membrane
Chapter 10. Nitrate Assimilation Is Essential for the Biosynthesis of Organic Matter
Abstract
10.1 The Reduction of Nitrate to NH3 Proceeds in Two Reactions
10.2 Nitrate Assimilation Is Controlled at Various Levels
10.3 The End Product of Nitrate Assimilation Is a Whole Spectrum of Amino Acids
10.4 Glutamate Is the Precursor for Chlorophylls and Cytochromes
Chapter 11. Nitrogen Fixation Enables Plants to Use the Nitrogen in the Air for Growth
Abstract
11.1 Legumes Form a Symbiosis With Nodule-Inducing Bacteria
11.2 Dinitrogenase Reductase Delivers Electrons for the Dinitrogenase Reaction
11.3 Plants Improve Their Nutrition by Symbiosis With Fungi
Chapter 12. Products of Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrate Assimilation Are Deposited as Storage Proteins
Abstract
12.1 Globulins Are the Most Abundant Storage Proteins
12.2 2S-Proteins Are Present in Seeds of Oilseed Plants
12.3 Prolamins Are Formed as Storage Proteins in Grasses
12.4 Special Proteins Protect Seeds From Being Eaten by Animals
12.5 Biosynthesis of Storage Proteins Is Performed at the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
12.6 Proteinases Mobilize the Amino Acids Deposited in Storage Proteins
Chapter 13. Sulfate Assimilation Enables the Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Compounds
Abstract
13.1 Sulfate Assimilation Proceeds Primarily by Photosynthesis
13.2 Glutathione Serves the Cell as an Antioxidant and Is an Agent for the Detoxification of Pollutants
13.3 Methionine Is Synthesized From Cysteine
13.4 Sulfate Plays an Important Role During Drought Stress
Chapter 14. Phloem Transport Distributes Photoassimilates to Various Sites of Consumption and Storage
Abstract
14.1 There Are Different Modes of Phloem Loading
14.2 Phloem Transport Proceeds by Mass Flow
14.3 Sink Tissues Are Supplied by Phloem Unloading
Chapter 15. Lipids Are Membrane Constituents and Function as Carbon Stores
Abstract
15.1 Polar Lipids Are Important Membrane Constituents
15.2 Triacylglycerols Are Storage Compounds: their de novo biosynthesis takes place in plastids
15.3 Glycerol 3-Phosphate Is a Precursor for the Biosynthesis of Glycerolipids
15.4 During Seed Germination Storage Lipids Are Mobilized in the Glyoxysomes for the Production of Carbohydrates
15.5 Specialized Fatty Acids and Derivatives
Chapter 16. Special Metabolites Fulfill Specific Biological and Ecological Functions in Plants
Abstract
16.1 Specialized Metabolites Often Protect Plants From Pathogenic Microorganisms and Herbivores
16.2 Plants React to Pathogen Attack by the Release of Immunomodulatory Agents, Phytoalexins, and Phytoanticipins
16.3 Degradation of Cyanogenic Glycosides Releases Toxic Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
16.4 Glucosinolate Degradation Releases Toxic Volatile Mustard Oils
16.5 Alkaloids Comprise a Variety of Heterocyclic Specialized Metabolites
16.6 Transport, Storage, and Turnover of Specialized Metabolites
Chapter 17. A Large Diversity of Isoprenoids Has Multiple Functions in Plants
Abstract
17.1 Higher Plants Have Two Different Biosynthesis Pathways for Isoprenoids
17.2 Monoterpenes Derive From Geranyl Pyrophosphate
17.3 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Is the Precursor for the Biosynthesis of Sesquiterpenes
17.4 Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Is the Precursor for Diterpenes and Polyterpenes
17.5 The Regulation of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
Chapter 18. Phenylpropanoids Comprise a Multitude of Plant-Specialized Metabolites and Cell Wall Components
Abstract
18.1 Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase and Monooxygenases Are Involved in the Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds
18.2 Phenylpropanoid Compounds Polymerize to Macromolecules
18.3 The Biosynthesis of Flavonoids and Stilbenes Also Requires Acetate for Aromatic Ring Formation
Chapter 19. Multiple Signals Regulate the Growth and Development of Plant Organs and Enable Their Adaptation to Environmental Conditions
Abstract
19.1 Receptors Are the Initial Component of Signal Transduction Chains and Signaling Networks
19.2 Phytohormones Are a Structurally Diverse Group of Functionally Important Compounds
19.3 Defense Reactions Are Triggered by the Interplay of Several Signals
19.4 Light Sensors Regulate the Growth and Development of Plants
Chapter 20. A Plant Cell Has Three Different Genomes
Abstract
20.1 Nuclear Genetic Information Is Divided Among Several Chromosomes
20.2 Transposable DNA Elements Roam Through the Genome
20.3 Plastids Possess a Circular Genome
20.4 The Mitochondrial Genome of Plants Varies Greatly in Size
Chapter 21. Biosynthesis, Processing, and Degradation of Plant Proteins
Abstract
21.1 Protein Biosynthesis is Catalyzed by Ribosomes
21.2 Proteins Attain Their Three-Dimensional Structure by Controlled Folding
21.3 Nuclear-Encoded Proteins are Targeted to Various Cell Compartments
21.4 Proteins are Degraded by Proteasomes in a Strictly Controlled Manner
Chapter 22. Biotechnology Alters Plants to Meet the Requirements of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Industry
Abstract
22.1 A Gene is Isolated and Archived in a Gene Library
22.2 DNA Polymorphism Yields Genetic Markers for Plant Breeding
22.3 Agrobacteria Can Transform Plant Cells
22.4 Several Techniques are Available to Turn Off Genes in Plants; CRISPR/Cas is the Most Efficient Genome-Editing Strategy
22.5 Plant Genetic Engineering Can Be Used for Many Different Purposes
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Plant Biochemistry

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Hans-Walter Heldt

Birgit Piechulla

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