Planning of Subsurface Use

Foreword


1. Introduction


1.1 Limitations and Definitions


2. Characteristics of Subsurface Planning


2.1 Geology Imposes Governing Conditions


2.2 Excavation Techniques


2.3 Utilization of the Properties of a Cavity


2.4 Exterior Factors Affect Subsurface Construction


2.5 The Subsurface Environment


2.6 Environmental Impact


2.7 A Rock Cavity cannot be Removed


2.8 Subsurface Construction is Three-Dimensional


2.9 Right of Disposition


2.10 Interaction Between Surface and Subsurface


3. Overview of Subsurface Construction in Sweden


3.1 Past and Future


3.2 The Extent of Subsurface Construction


3.3 Current Development - Forecast


4. General Remarks on Planning in Sweden


4.1 Levels of Planning


4.1.1 Detail Planning


4.1.2 Planning of Particular Functions


4.1.3 Overall Planning


4.2 Time Aspects of Planning


4.3 Planning is Carried Out with Differing Degrees of Geographical Detail


4.4 Participation of the General Public


4.5 Physical Planning Today


4.6 Current Revision of the Building Law


4.7 Subsurface Construction in Planning Procedure


5. Review of Institutions and Laws Relevant to the Subsurface Sector


5.1 Activities in the Subsurface Sector at Various Institutions


5.1.1 Higher Education


5.1.2 State Schemes


5.1.3 Research


5.2 Review of Current Laws and Regulations Concerning the Subsurface


5.2.1 Planning and Design Stages


5.2.2 Construction Stage


5.2.3 Utilization Stage or Operation Period


5.2.4 Right of Disposition


5.2.5 Responsibility and Damages


5.2.6 Official Secrets Legislation


6. Investigations within the Project


6.1 The Internal Environment in Subsurface Installations


6.2 Subsurface Construction in Eight Communities


6.3 Survey of Three Areas


7. Why does Subsurface Construction Require Planning?


7.1 Subsurface Installations Mean Functional Advantages


7.2 Subsurface Installations can Cause Disturbance and Damage


7.3 The Responsibility of the Community


7.4 What are the Defects Today?


7.4.1 General Views


7.4.2 Uncertainty Concerning the Responsibility of the Local Authorities


7.4.3 Defects - Conflicts - Damage


7.4.4 Implementation Problems


7.4.5 The Subsurface as an Environment for Human Beings


8. What Planning should be Carried Out?


8.1 Detail Planning


8.1.1 The Present Routine


8.1.2 Demands Made on Planning


8.2 Planning for Particular Functions


8.2.1 Partial Planning of Particular Functions


8.2.2 Overall Planning of Particular Functions


8.3 Overall Planning


8.3.1 The Need for Rules in Overall Planning for Subsurface Construction


8.3.2 Detail Planning


8.3.3 Partial Planning


8.3.4 Other Overall Planning


9. What is the Required Basis for Planning?


9.1 Registration


9.1.1 Facilities


9.1.2 Protective Zones


9.1.3 The Risk Zone


9.1.4 The Security Problem


9.1.5 The Registration of Geodata


9.1.6 Mapping of Excavations


9.1.7 Reforms Required


9.2 Appraisal of Needs


9.2.1 The Present Situation


9.2.2 Desirable Features


9.2.3 Proposal for Systematic Appraisal of Subsurface Location


9.2.4 Needs for Reform


9.3 Geo-Planning


9.3.1 The Situation Today


9.3.2 The Content of Geo-Planning


9.3.3 The Ground-Water Problem


9.3.4 Geo-Planning at Different Levels


9.3.5 The Requirements Concerning Standards and Instructions with Reference to Geo-Planning and Design


9.3.6 The Part Played by the Local Authority in Geo-Planning


9.3.7 The Content of a Consequence Analysis


9.3.8 The Handling and Disposal of Surplus Excavated Material


9.4 Human Beings Underground


9.4.1 Current Knowledge


9.4.2 Characteristic Factors


9.4.3 The Situation Today


9.4.4 General Reference Outlines for Analysis of the Subsurface Environment


9.4.5 A Suggestion Concerning the Formulation of Research Requirements


9.5 Construction Costs


9.5.1 Conventional Method (Drilling/Blasting)


9.5.2 Model for General Calculation of Installation Costs in Connection with Subsurface Construction


9.5.3 Other Tunneling Methods


9.5.4 Needs for Reforms


9.6 Cost-Benefit Appraisal


9.6.1 The Concept of Cost-Benefit


9.6.2 Comments in Connection with Company Appraisal


9.6.3 Community Appraisal


10. What Administrative Routines are Required?


10.1 The Right to Establish Subsurface Installations


10.1.1 Requirement for Planning


10.1.2 The Town Plan


10.1.3 Overall Planning


10.1.4 Authority Responsibility


10.2 The Right of Disposition in the Subsurface


10.2.1 The Present Situation


10.2.2 Desired Improvements


10.3 The Right to Construct Subsurface Cavities


10.3.1 Valid Regulations


10.3.2 Experience


10.3.3 Examination in Connection with Building Permission - Desired Level


10.3.4 Viewpoints on the Safety Aspect


10.4 Control Measures


10.4.1 During the Construction Stage


10.4.2 Measures in Connection with Operation and Closure


11. Responsibility and Damages


11.1 A Description of the Situation Today


11.2 The Need for Reform


12. What Sort of Regulations are Required?


13. How Can Knowledge be Spread and Developed?


14. References

Summary