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Pipeline Planning and Construction Field Manual aims to guide engineers and technicians in the processes of planning, designing, and construction of a pipeline system, as well as… Read more
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Piping Engineers, Designers, Civil Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Petroleum Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Project Production Engineers and Project Reservoir Engineers
List of Contributors
Author Biography
Preface
Chapter 1. Design Basis
1.1. Units of Measurement
1.2. Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases
Chapter 2. Route Selection
2.1. Community and Local Agencies
2.2. Population Density
2.3. Technical and Project Necessities
2.4. Constructibility
2.5. Right-of-Way
2.6. Environmental Issues
2.7. Route Beginning and Ending Points
2.8. Connections
2.9. Mapping System
2.10. Field Review
2.11. Parallel Other Lines
2.12. Integrity
2.13. Established Corridors
Chapter 3. Pipeline Regulatory and Environmental Permits
3.1. Regulation of Interstate Pipelines
3.2. Regulation of Intrastate Pipelines
3.3. Environmental Permits for Interstate Pipelines
3.4. Environmental Permits for Intrastate Pipelines
3.5. Local Permits
Chapter 4. Right-of-Way
4.1. Right-of-Way Deliverables and Requirements
4.2. Project Planning
4.3. Right-of-Way Budgeting
4.4. Right-of-Way Database and Records
4.5. Field Support
4.6. Right-of-Way Negotiations and Condemnation
4.7. Construction Support
4.8. Project Completion and Pipeline Operations
Chapter 5. Alignment Sheets
5.1. Uses
5.2. Alignment Sheet Development
5.3. Quantity of Alignment Sheets
5.4. Stationing
5.5. Survey
5.6. Drawing Issuance
5.7. Changes to the Route
5.8. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Requirements
5.9. Existing Systems
Chapter 6. Overview of Pipeline Materials
6.1. Criteria
6.2. Product to Be Transported
6.3. Operating Pressure
6.4. Operating Temperature
6.5. Handling and Welding
6.6. Volume or Throughput
6.7. Codes and Regulations
6.8. Coating
6.9. Joint Coating
6.10. Fittings
Chapter 7. Pipe Strength and Wall Thickness
7.1. Allowable Operating Pressure
7.2. Barlow's Equation for Internal Pressure
7.3. Derivation of Barlow's Equation
7.4. Modified Barlow's Equation
7.5. Gas Pipelines: Class Locations
7.6. Thick-Walled Pipes
7.7. Mainline Valves
7.8. Blowdown Calculations
7.9. Determining Pipe Tonnage
Chapter 8. Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis
8.1. Velocity of Flow in Liquid Pipelines
8.2. Reynolds Number in Liquid Flow
8.3. Pressure and Head of a Liquid
8.4. Pressure Drop in Liquid Flow
8.5. Friction Factor
8.6. Colebrook–White Equation
8.7. Moody Diagram
8.8. Hazen–Williams Equation
8.9. Minor Losses
8.10. Flow of Gas in Pipelines
8.11. Erosional Velocity
8.12. Reynolds Number in Gas Flow
8.13. Friction Factor in Gas Flow
8.14. Colebrook–White Equation for Gas Flow
8.15. Transmission Factor
8.16. Pressure Drop in Gas Flow
8.17. Effect of Pipe Elevations
8.18. The Average Gas Pressure
Chapter 9. Series and Parallel Piping and Power Required
9.1. Total Pressure Required to Transport Liquids
9.2. Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Liquids
9.3. Series Piping in Liquid Pipelines
9.4. Parallel Piping in Liquid Pipelines
9.5. Transporting High Vapor Pressure Liquids
9.6. Pumping Power Required in Liquid Pipelines
9.7. System Head Curves – Liquid Pipelines
9.8. Injections and Deliveries – Liquid Pipelines
9.9. Pipe Loops in Liquid Pipelines
9.10. Gas Pipelines
9.11. Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Gas Pipeline
9.12. Series Piping in Gas Pipelines
9.13. Parallel Piping in Gas Pipelines
Chapter 10. Valve Stations
10.1. What to Expect
10.2. Valve Usage
10.3. Some Other Valves Not Listed by API-6D
10.4. Valve Pressure Class
10.5. Pipeline Design and Valve Selection
10.6. Mainline Valve Locations
10.7. Valve Station Design
10.8. Buried Valve Vaults
10.9. Direct Burial of Valves
10.10. Natural Gas Pipeline Valves
10.11. Valve Placement on Gas Pipelines
10.12. Block Valve Spacing on Gas Transmission Lines
10.13. Valve Maintenance for Liquid and Gas Pipelines as per Code
10.14. Overpressure Safety Valves and Pressure Limiting Devices for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines
10.15. Natural Gas Pipeline Valves Maintenance
10.16. Pressure Limiting and Regulating Stations for Gas Pipelines
10.17. General Valve Station Protection
10.18. Pipeline Valve Selection – Ball or Gate?
Chapter 11. Pump Stations
11.1. Multipump Station Pipelines
11.2. Hydraulic Balance and Pump Stations Required
11.3. Telescoping Pipe Wall Thickness
11.4. Change of Pipe Grade – Grade Tapering
11.5. Slack Line and Open Channel Flow
11.6. Batching Different Liquids
11.7. Centrifugal Pumps Versus Reciprocating Pumps
11.8. Centrifugal Pump Head and Efficiency Versus Flow Rate
11.9. BHP Versus Flow Rate
11.10. NPSH Versus Flow Rate
11.11. Specific Speed
11.12. Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps
11.13. Effect of Specific Gravity and Viscosity on Pump Performance
11.14. Pump Configuration – Series and Parallel
11.15. Pump Head Curve Versus System Head Curve
11.16. Multiple Pumps Versus System Head Curve
11.17. NPSH Required Versus NPSH Available
11.18. Pump Station Configuration
11.19. Control Pressure and Throttle Pressure
11.20. Variable Speed Pumps
11.21. VSD Pump Versus Control Valve
Chapter 12. Compressor Stations
12.1. Compressor Station Locations
12.2. Hydraulic Balance
12.3. Isothermal Compression
12.4. Adiabatic Compression
12.5. Polytropic Compression
12.6. Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas
12.7. Compression Power Required
12.8. Optimum Compressor Locations
12.9. Compressors in Series and Parallel
12.10. Types of Compressors – Centrifugal and Positive Displacement
12.11. Compressor Performance Curves
12.12. Compressor Head and Gas Flow Rate
12.13. Compressor Station Piping Losses
12.14. Compressor Station Schematic
Chapter 13. Corrosion Protection
13.1. Corrosion in Pipelines
13.2. Causes of Pipeline Failure
13.3. Types of Corrosion
13.4. Corrosion Control
Chapter 14. Leak Detection
14.1. Prevention
14.2. Pressure Regulation
14.3. Cathodic Protection
14.4. Corrosion Coupons
14.5. Pipeline Markers
14.6. Smart Pigging
14.7. Pipeline Security
14.8. Regulations
14.9. Purpose
14.10. Intermediate Block Valves
14.11. Check Valves
14.12. Patrolling
14.13. Detection
14.14. Measurement
14.15. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
14.16. Hydrostatic Testing
Chapter 15. Pipeline Pigging and Inspection
15.1. Pig Use
15.2. Pipeline Pigging
15.3. Problem Pipelines
15.4. Piggable Pipelines
15.5. Pig Propulsion
15.6. Utility Pigs
15.7. Selecting Pigs for Small Bore and Double Diameter Pipelines
15.8. Poly Pigs
15.9. My First Experience with Poly Pigs
15.10. Pig Trains
15.11. Smart Pigs
15.12. Smart Pig Types
15.13. Crack Detection
15.14. Preparation for Smart Pig Inspection
15.15. MFL Smart Pig
15.16. Post Smart Pig Inspection
15.17. Expert Data Evaluation
15.18. External Corrosion
15.19. Internal Corrosion
15.20. Postinspection Criteria
Chapter 16. Pipeline Construction
16.1. Pipeline Construction Sequence
16.2. Restoration of Disturbed Construction R.O.W.
Chapter 17. Welding and NDT
17.1. Pipeline Welding Procedures
17.2. Specimen Preparation
17.3. Testing
17.4. Criteria for Weld Acceptance
17.5. Classic Pipeline Welding
17.6. Double Joints
17.7. Using Higher X-Grade Pipe
17.8. Welders' Qualification
17.9. Welders' Responsibility
17.10. Automatic Pipeline Welding
17.11. Verifying Automatic Weld Integrity
17.12. Semiautomatic Welding
17.13. Strength of Welded Pipelines
17.14. Nondestructive Testing of Pipe Girth Welds
17.15. Radiographic NDT
17.16. Repair of Defect
17.17. Welding Rejection Criteria
Chapter 18. Hydrostatic Testing
18.1. Testing Pipe
18.2. Classifying in Service Pipelines
18.3. Intrastate Pipelines
18.4. Pretest Planning for an Intrastate Pipeline
18.5. Test Water Disposal
18.6. Safety and Equipment Procedures During Test
18.7. Turning and Operating Valves
18.8. Training and Judgment
18.9. Back to Test Procedure
18.10. Pressurization
18.11. List of Equipment for Hydrostatic Test
18.12. Test On
18.13. Posttest Results
18.14. Posttest Leak Analysis
18.15. Entrained Air and Vapor
18.16. Leaking Isolation Valves and Fittings
18.17. Changing Test Water Temperature
18.18. Posttest Report
18.19. Volume Analysis
18.20. Testing Interstate Liquid and Natural Gas Transmissions Lines
18.21. Test Section 12
18.22. Cross-Country Pipeline Testing
18.23. Pipeline Rupture
Chapter 19. Commissioning
19.1. Plan
19.2. Plan Sequence
19.3. Operations and Maintenance Manuals
19.4. Completion of Construction
19.5. Sizing or Gauging Pigs
19.6. System Checkout
19.7. Pipeline Drying
19.8. Line Fill
Chapter 20. Specification Writing, Data Sheet Production, Requisition Development, and Bid Analysis
20.1. Specification Writing
20.2. Material Specifications
20.3. Construction Specifications
20.4. Material Requisition Development
20.5. Bid Quotation and Bid Analysis
Chapter 21. Operations and Maintenance Manuals
21.1. Operating Manuals
21.2. Regulations
21.3. Written Emergency Procedures
21.4. Training Program
21.5. Details
21.6. Maintenance Manuals
21.7. Preventative Maintenance
21.8. Project Data Book
21.9. Startup Sequential Process
21.10. Shutdown Sequential Process
Appendix 1. Chapter 1
Appendix 2. Chapter 3
Appendix 3. Chapter 4
Appendix 4. Chapter 7
Appendix 5. Chapter 8
Appendix 6. Chapter 9
Appendix 7. Chapter 11
Appendix 8. Chapter 12
Appendix 9. Chapters 17 and 18
Index
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