Pipeline Leak Detection Handbook

Chapter 1. Introduction

• Abstract
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Why are Pipelines Important?
• 1.3 Pipeline Basics
• 1.4 Pipeline Design Essentials
• 1.5 Pipeline Leaks, Ruptures, Spills, and Theft
• 1.6 Leak Detection Approaches
• 1.7 The Book Structure
• 1.8 Terminology
• 1.9 Nomenclature
• References

Chapter 2. Pipeline Leak Detection Basics

• Abstract
• 2.1 The Challenges of Detecting Pipeline Leaks
• 2.2 The Toll Road and the Free-Rider Problem
• 2.3 Leak Location and Other Issues
• 2.4 Leak Detection and Theft
• 2.5 Functional Requirements
• 2.6 The Fundamental Principles Summarized
• 2.7 Architectural Foundations
• 2.8 A Taxonomy of Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

Chapter 3. Mass Balance Leak Detection

• Abstract
• 3.1 Leaks and Conservation of Mass
• 3.2 Pipeline Mass Balance Section
• 3.3 Leak Detection by Mass Balance: Foundational Principles
• 3.4 Volume Balance at Standard Conditions as a Proxy for Mass Balance
• 3.5 Impact of Uncertainties in Mass/Volume Balances on Leak Detection
• 3.6 API 1130 Applicable Classification of Mass Balance Systems
• 3.7 Our Classification of Mass Balance–Based Leak Detection Systems
• References

Chapter 4. Real-Time Transient Model–Based Leak Detection

• Abstract
• 4.1 The Real-Time Transient Model
• 4.2 Numerical Methods
• 4.3 Measurements and Boundary Conditions
• 4.4 State Estimation and Related Subjects
• 4.5 Leak Detection Signals
• 4.6 Using the Leak Signals to Detect Leaks
• 4.7 Estimating Leak Location
• 4.8 Impact of Fluid Type: Liquids, Gases, and Multiphase Flows
• 4.9 RTTM Uncertainty Recap
• References

Chapter 5. Statistical Processing and Leak Detection

• Abstract
• 5.1 Introduction to Leak Signal Processing
• 5.2 Signal Processing Basics
• 5.3 Statistical Processing and Significance Testing
• References

Chapter 6. Rarefaction Wave and Deviation Alarm Systems

• Abstract
• 6.1 Rarefaction Wave Physical Basis and Equations
• 6.2 Pressure Signal and Event Processing
• 6.3 Leak Detection and Location Using Rarefaction Waves
• 6.4 Rarefaction Wave Leak Detection Issues, Improvements, and Assessment
• 6.5 Deviation Alarm Systems

Chapter 7. External and Intermittent Leak Detection System Types

• Abstract
• 7.1 Spill Migration
• 7.2 Direct Observation
• 7.3 Distributed Cable-Based Leak Detection Technology
• 7.4 Fiber Optic Cable–Based Sensor Systems
• 7.5 Hydrocarbon-Sensing Tubes
• 7.6 Fixed/Discrete Sensor Leak Detection Systems
• 7.7 Other External Methods
• 7.8 General Assessment
• Reference

Chapter 8. Leak Detection System Infrastructure

• Abstract
• 8.1 Field Instrumentation
• 8.2 Supporting Telecommunication and Network Infrastructure
• 8.3 SCADA System Considerations
• 8.4 Historical Archiving of Data
• 8.5 Resilient System Design
• References

Chapter 9. Leak Detection Performance, Testing, and Tuning

• Abstract
• 9.1 Performance Metrics
• 9.2 Tuning and Tradeoffs
• 9.3 LDS Performance Testing and Evaluation
• 9.4 LDS Tuning
• 9.5 Performance Standards
• References

Chapter 10. Human Factor Considerations in Leak Detection

• Abstract
• 10.1 The Human–Machine Signal Detection Control Loop
• 10.2 Direct Observation Leak Detection
• References

Chapter 11. Implementation and Installation of Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

• Abstract
• 11.1 Performance Requirement Specification
• 11.2 Leak Detection Technology/Methodology Decision
• 11.3 LDS System Integration Requirements
• 11.4 System Testing
• 11.5 Vendor Identification and Assessment
• 11.6 Commissioning
• 11.7 Long-Term Support Issues
• References

Chapter 12. Regulatory Requirements

• Abstract
• 12.1 The United States of America Regulatory Environment
• 12.2 Canada
• 12.3 Germany
• 12.4 Regulatory Requirements in Other Jurisdictions
• References

Chapter 13. Leak Detection and Risk-Based Integrity Management

• Abstract
• 13.1 Quantifying Integrity Breach Risk and Impact
• 13.2 Understanding the Consequences of a Spill
• 13.3 Leak Detection as a Component of Pipeline Loss-of-Integrity Risk Management
• 13.4 Conclusion
• References