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Physiological Ecology of Forest Production
Principles, Processes and Models
- 1st Edition, Volume 4 - October 22, 2010
- Authors: J. J. Landsberg, Peter Sands
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 7 4 4 6 0 - 9
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 0 2 0 6 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 2 2 5 4 - 6
Process-based models open the way to useful predictions of the future growth rate of forests and provide a means of assessing the probable effects of variations in climate and… Read more
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Request a sales quoteProcess-based models open the way to useful predictions of the future growth rate of forests and provide a means of assessing the probable effects of variations in climate and management on forest productivity. As such they have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional forest growth and yield models, which are based on mensuration data and assume that climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations will be the same in the future as they are now.
This book discusses the basic physiological processes that determine the growth of plants, the way they are affected by environmental factors and how we can improve processes that are well-understood such as growth from leaf to stand level and productivity. A theme that runs through the book is integration to show a clear relationship between photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrient requirements, transpiration, water relations and other factors affecting plant growth that are often looked at separately. This integrated approach will provide the most comprehensive source for process-based modelling, which is valuable to ecologists, plant physiologists, forest planners and environmental scientists.
This book discusses the basic physiological processes that determine the growth of plants, the way they are affected by environmental factors and how we can improve processes that are well-understood such as growth from leaf to stand level and productivity. A theme that runs through the book is integration to show a clear relationship between photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrient requirements, transpiration, water relations and other factors affecting plant growth that are often looked at separately. This integrated approach will provide the most comprehensive source for process-based modelling, which is valuable to ecologists, plant physiologists, forest planners and environmental scientists.
- Includes explanations of inherently mathematical models, aided by the use of graphs and diagrams illustrating causal interactions and by examples implemented as Excel spreadsheets
- Uses a process-based model as a framework for explaining the mechanisms underlying plant growth
- Integrated approach provides a clear and relatively simple treatment
forest managers; plant physiologists; ecologists and plant ecologists;ecophysiologists; scientists and researchers involved in plant breeding, ecology and forest planning; students of forest management; environmental microbiologists
PrefaceAcknowledgements1 Introduction1.1 Some background on forestsa) Goods and servicesb) Wood productsc) Waterd) CO2 sequestration1.2 Models and physiology a) Importance of physiologyb) The nature of modelsc) Complexity and uncertaintyd) Mathematicse) Statistical analysesf) Importance of physiological modelling1.3 Outline2 Weather and Energy Balance2.1 Process rates at different levels2.2 Weather factors that affect plant growth2.2.1 Solar radiation a) Types of radiationb) Irradiancec) Insolationd) Determination of insolation in the absence of direct observations2.2.2 Temperaturea) Air temperatureb) Leaf temperatures c) Stem and soil temperaturesd) Diurnal variation of temperature2.2.3 Humidity and vapour pressure deficita) Calculating vapour pressure and humidityb) Vapour pressure deficitc) Calculating average vapour pressure deficits2.2.4 Wind 2.3 Variation of climatic factors within a canopy2.4 Energy Balance, Evaporation and Transpiration2.4.1 Radiant energya) Net radiationb) Albedo of forest canopies2.4.2 Energy balance and flux equations2.4.3 Resistances and conductances a) Boundary layer conductanceb) Stomatal conductance2.4.4 Heat and vapour fluxes2.4.5 Energy balance of a surface2.5 Canopy energy balance and transpiration2.5.1 Wind and transfer processes2.5.2 Partitioning Absorbed Energy 2.5.3 Canopy transpirationa) Canopy conductanceb) Penman-Monteith equation for canopy transpiration2.5.4 Eddy correlation3 Physiological Processes3.1 Photosynthesis 3.1.1 Overview of biochemistry of photosynthesis 3.1.2 Gas analysis and the observation of photosynthetic data3.1.3 Empirical relationships for CO2 supply and demand3.1.4 Farquhar and von Caemmerer model of leaf photosynthesisa) Assimilationb) Temperature effectsc) Parameterisation3.2 Stomatal conductance3.2.1 Stomatal response to irradiance3.2.2 Stomatal response to vapour pressure deficit3.2.3 Stomatal response to CO2 3.2.4 Stomatal response to leaf water potential3.2.5 Phenomenological models of stomatal conductancea) The Jarvis modelb) The Ball and Berry modelc) Parameterisation of Ball and Berry model3.3 Coupled model of photosynthesis and stomatal function3.3.1 The supply and demand curves3.3.2 Solution of the supply and demand equations3.3.3 Results from applying the coupled modela) Parameter sensitivity of coupled modelb) A-Ci and light response curves from the coupled model3.4 Respiration3.4.1 Temperature dependence of respiration3.4.2 Dark respiration of leaves3.5 Allocation of biomass3.5.1 Principles underlying models of allocationa) Functional balanceb) Local determination of growthc) Optimality principlesd) Coordination theory3.5.2 Mechanistic approaches to modelling allocationa) Transport-resistance and allocationb) Pipe model4 Stand Structure and Dynamics4.1 Stem population dynamics4.1.1 Representing mortality4.1.2 Environmental affects on mortalitya) Frost hardinessb) Drought induced mortality4.1.3 Self thinning4.2 Height and diameter relations and distributions4.2.1 Height and diameter relations4.2.2 Predicting stem mass from height and diameter4.2.3 Height and diameter distributions4.3 Allometric scaling and its implications4.3.1 Allometry – how objects scale4.3.2 Allometric relationships between biomass pools4.3.3 Biomass as a function of diametera) Allometry of stem biomassb) Age effects on stem allometryc) Allometry of other biomass poolsd) Clonal or species effects on allometrye) Effects of stem numbers, fertility and water status on allometric relationships4.4 Leaf area of trees and canopies4.4.1 Specific leaf area4.4.2 Estimating leaf areasa) Tree foliage areab) Canopy leaf area index4.4.3 Modelling closed canopy LAI a) Closed canopy LAI in terms of site factorsb) Closed canopy LAI and physiological parameters4.4.4 Foliage distribution4.4.5 Foliage dynamics a) Environmental effects on foliage dynamicsb) Modelling litterfall4.5 Roots4.5.1 Estimation of root mass4.5.2 Root dynamics4.5.3 Fine roots5 The Carbon Balance of Trees and Stands5.1 Radiation interception5.1.1 Beer’s Law. 5.1.2 Sun-shade or two-stream model5.1.3 Single tree and rowsa) MAESTRA, a general light interception modelb) Single tree and hedgerow light interception modelsc) Summary models of light interception5.2 Modelling canopy photosynthetic production5.2.1 Scaling of canopy processes5.2.2 Structure of whole-canopy modelsa) Plant-environment modelsb) Multilayer modelsc) Two-leaf or sun-shade modelsd) Big-leaf models5.2.3 Examples of whole-canopy models5.2.4 Analytical models of gross canopy photosynthesisa) The basic analytical modelb) Sun and shade leavesc) Inclusion of frost effects5.3 Light-use efficiency and canopy photosynthetic production5.3.1 Observations of 5.3.2 Dependence of on physiological and environmental factors5.3.3 Growth modifiers5.4 Non-homogeneous canopies5.4.1 Mixed-species stands5.4.2 Edge effects for block or strip plantings5.5 Stand respiration5.5.1 Growth and maintenance respiration5.5.2 Observations of respiration5.5.3 Carbon use efficiency5.6 Allocation of biomass5.6.1 A generic tree growth model5.6.2 Taking allometry into account5.6.3 Determination of allocation ratios6 Nutrient Dynamics and Tree Growth6.1 Nutrient cycling 6.1.1 The Geochemical Cycle 6.1.2 The Biogeochemical Cycle a) Nutrient addition to soilb) Nitrogenc) Losses: fire6.2 Forest nutritional requirements 6.2.1 Nutrient uptakea) Movement of nutrients towards rootsb) Factors affecting nutrient uptakec) Calculating nutrient uptake6.2.2 Nutrient retranslocation 6.2.3 Growth in relation to nutritiona) Growth and relative nutrient addition rateb) Nitrogen productivity and growthc) Comprehensive forest nutrition trials6.3 Modelling soil nutrient dynamics6.3.1 CENTURY6.3.2 SNAP6.3.3 Modelling nitrogen uptake rate6.4 A pragmatic fertility index6.4.1 A fertility index based on closed canopy leaf area index6.4.2 The 3-PG fertility rating7 Hydrology and Plant Water Relations7.1 The Hydrological Balance7.1.1 Equation of hydraulic balance7.1.2 Quantifying soil water content7.2 Components of the hydrological balance7.2.1 Transpiration7.2.2 Rainfall interceptiona) Observations of rainfall interceptionb) Models of rainfall interception7.2.3 Redistribution of Rainfall 7.2.4 Soil evaporation7.2.5 Run-off and drainage7.3 Water in soils and the root zone7.3.1 The soil water potential7.3.2 Root distribution and soil-root resistance7.3.3 Movement of water in soil7.4 Water Movement Through Trees7.4.1 Water movement and water potential7.4.2 The hydraulic hypothesis7.4.3 Representation of effects on conductance7.4.4 Stem water storage7.5 Models including storage 7.5.1 Tissue water storage7.5.2 Models based on pools and resistances7.5.3 Stem hydraulic conductivity and its implications7.6 Water relations of stands7.6.1 Quantitative measures of water stress7.6.2 Consequences of Water Stress a) Effects of water stress on foliageb) Water use efficiencyc) Acclimation to drought7.7 Concluding Remarks8 Modelling tree growth: concepts and review8.1 Concepts and principles8.2 Types of model in forest ecophysiology8.2.1 Empirical modelsa) NitGro – empirical growth model for Eucalyptus nitensb) CanSPBL, a stand-level growth and yield model for Pinus radiata8.2.2 Process-based or mechanistic modelsa) Light-use modelsb) FOREST-BGC and BIOME-BGCc) BIOMASSd) CenWe) The ITE Edinburgh modelf) ProModg) Cabalah) Modular-hierarchical forest growth models8.2.3 Hybrid modelsa) PROMOD-NITGRO hybrid modelb) Forest 5c) Triplexd) General comments8.3 Discussion arising from empirical, process-based and hybrid models8.3.1 Reinventing the wheel8.3.2 Parameterisation and calibration8.3.3 Why use process-based models?8.4 Model evaluation: testing and sensitivity analyses8.4.1 Model testing 8.4.2 Sensitivity analysis9 The 3-PG Process-Based Model9.1 An overview of 3-PG 9.1.1 The basis for the structure of 3 PG9.1.2 Input dataa) Weather datab) Site-specific factorsc) Stand-initialisation datad) Species-specific parameters9.1.3 Structure of 3 PG 9.1.4 Typical 3 PG output data9.1.5 Spatially explicit versions of 3-PG9.2 Biological sub-models of 3 PG9.2.1 The basic stand-level model9.2.2 Determination of NPP9.2.3 Growth modifiers for site and environmental effects 9.2.4 Biomass allocation and turnover9.2.5 Stem numbers and mortality9.2.6 Age-dependent variables9.2.7 Soil water balance9.2.8 Stand management outputs and interventions9.3 Calibration, performance and validation9.3.1 Calibration and parameter estimation9.3.2 Performance9.3.3 Validation9.4 Applications9.4.1 Analysis and prediction of plantation growth a) Temperate eucalyptsb) Sub-tropical eucalypts in South Americac) Sub-tropical eucalypts in South Africad) Coniferse) New Zealand native species9.4.2 Use of the model as an analytical tool9.4.3 Spatial applicationsa) A “proof of concept” applicationb) Comparison with BIOME-BGCc) GIS applications using 3-PG-Spatiald) Other applications9.5 Possible improvements9.5.1 Light interception9.5.2 Open canopies9.5.3 Edge effects9.5.4 Growth modifiersa) Temperature-dependent growth modifiersb) VPD-dependent growth modifierc) Age-dependent growth modifier9.5.5 Biomass allocation9.5.6 Water balance9.5.7 Site fertility9.5.8 Thinning and pruning9.6 Concluding remarks10 Future developments10.1 Measurement and instrumentation10.2 Remote sensing10.3 Meta-analyses10.4 Respiration10.5 Stomatal control and hydraulic limitation10.6 Soil fertility10.7 Models10.8 Concluding remarksAppendix 1 Determining solar direction and radiationA 1.1 Solar directiona) Path of the sun through the skyb) Solar transit, day length, and direction of sunrise and sunsetA 1.2 Extra-terrestrial radiationA 1.3 Transmittancea) Optical air massb) Direct beam transmittancec) Diffuse beam transmittanced) Vertical transmittanceA 1.4 Calculating insolationAppendix 2 Some mathematical details of 3 PGA 2.1 Equations for the 3 PG growth modifiersA 2.2 Equations for explicitly age-dependent parametersAppendix 3 Further readingReferences
- No. of pages: 352
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Volume: 4
- Published: October 22, 2010
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123744609
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128102060
- eBook ISBN: 9780080922546
JL
J. J. Landsberg
Affiliations and expertise
(retired) ‘Withycombe’, Church Lane, Mt Wilson, NSW 2786, AustraliaPS
Peter Sands
Affiliations and expertise
(retired) 39 Oakleigh Ave, Taroona, Australia 7053Read Physiological Ecology of Forest Production on ScienceDirect