Physicochemical and Plant Physiology

PrefaceSymbols and Abbreviations1 Cells and Diffusion Cell Structure Generalized Plant Cell Leaf Cells Cells of Vascular Tissue Root Cells Diffusion Fick's First Law Continuity Equation and Fick's Second Law Time-Distance Relation for Diffusion Membrane Structure Membrane Models Organelle Membranes Membrane Permeability Concentration Difference across a Membrane Permeability Coefficient Diffusion and Cellular Concentration Cell Walls Chemistry and Morphology Diffusion across Cell Walls Stress-Strain Relations of Cell Wall Problems References2 Water Physical Properties Hydrogen Bonding-Thermal Relations Surface Tension Capillary Rise Capillary Rise in the Xylem Tensile Strength, Viscosity Electrical Properties Chemical Potential Free Energy and Chemical Potential Analysis of Chemical Potential Standard State Hydrostatic Pressure Water Activity and Osmotic Pressure The Van't Hoff Relation Matric Pressure Water Potential Central Vacuole and Chloroplasts Water Relations of the Central Vacuole Boyle-Van't Hoff Relation Osmotic Responses of Chloroplasts Water Potential and Plant Cells Incipient Plasmolysis Höfler Diagrams and Pressure-Volume Curves Chemical Potential and Water Potential of Water Vapor Plant-Air Interface Pressure in the Cell Wall Water Water Flux Cell Growth Kinetics of Volume Changes Problems References3 Solutes Chemical Potential of Ions Electrical Potential Electroneutrality and Membrane Capacitance Activity Coefficients of Ions Nemst Potential Example of ENK Fluxes and Diffusion Potentials Flux and Mobility Diffusion Potential in a Solution Membrane Fluxes Membrane Diffusion Potential - Goldman Equation Application of the Goldman Equation Donnan Potential Characteristics of Crossing Membranes Electrogenicity Boltzmann Energy Distribution and Q10, a Temperature Coefficient Activation Energy and Arrhenius Plots Ussing-Teorell Equation Example of Active Transport Energy for Active Transport Speculation on Active Transport Mechanisms for Crossing Membranes Carriers, Porters, Channels, and Pumps Michaelis-Menten Formalism Facilitated Diffusion Principles of Irreversible Thermodynamics Fluxes, Forces, and Onsager Coefficients Water and Solute Flow Flux Densities, Lp, andσ Values of Reflection Coefficients Solute Movement across Membranes The Influence of Reflection Coefficients on Incipient Plasmolysis Extension of the Boyle-Van't Hoff Relation Reflection Coefficients of Chloroplasts Solute Flux Density Problems References4 Light Wavelength and Energy Light Waves Energy of Light Illumination, Photon Flux Density, and Irradiance Sunlight Planck's and Wien's Formulae Absorption of Light by Molecules Role of Electrons in Absorption Event Electron Spin and State Multiplicity Molecular Orbitals Photoisomerization Light Absorption by Chlorophyll De-excitation Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Radiationless Transitions Competing Pathways for De-excitation Lifetimes Quantum Yields Absorption Spectra and Action Spectra Vibrational Sublevels in an Energy Level Diagram The Franck-Condon Principle Absorption Bands and Absorption Coefficients Conjugation Action Spectra Absorption and Action Spectra of Phytochrome Problems References5 Photochemistry of Photosynthesis Chlorophyll-Chemistry and Spectra Types and Structures Absorption and Fluorescence Emission Spectra Absorption in Vivo-Polarized Light Other Photosynthetic Pigments Carotenoids Phycobilins Excitation Transfers among Photosynthetic Pigments Pigments and the Photochemical Reaction Resonance Transfer of Excitation Transfers of Excitation between Photosynthetic Pigments Excitation Trapping Groupings of Photosynthetic Pigments Photosynthetic Units Excitation Processing Photosynthetic Action Spectra and Enhancement Effects Two Photosystems plus Light-Harvesting Antennae Electron Flow Electron Flow Model Components of the Electron Transfer Pathway Types of Electron Flow Photophosphorylation Vectorial Aspects of Electron Flow Problems References6 Bioenergetics Gibbs Free Energy Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium Constants Interconversion of Chemical and Electrical Energy Redox Potentials Biological Energy Currencies ATP - Structure and Reactions Gibbs Free Energy Change for ATP Formation NADP+-NADPH Redox Couple Chloroplast Bioenergetics Redox Couples H+- Chemical Potential Differences Caused by Electron Flow Evidence for Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Coupling of Flows Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Electron Flow Components-Redox Potentials Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy Flow in the Biosphere Incident Light - Stefan-Boltzmann Law Absorbed Light and Photosynthetic Efficiency Food Chains and Material Cycles' Problems References7 Temperature-Energy Budgets Energy Budget-Radiation Solar Irradiation Absorbed Infrared Irradiation Emitted Infrared Radiation Values for a, aIR, and eIR Net Radiation Examples for Radiation Terms Wind-Heat Conduction and Convection Wind - General Comments Air Boundary Layers Boundary Layers for Bluff Bodies Heat Conduction Convection Equations Dimensionless Numbers Examples of Heat Conduction Convection Latent Heat-Transpiration Heat Flux Density Accompanying Transpiration Heat Flux Density for Dew or Frost Formation Examples of Frost and Dew Formation Soil Thermal Properties Soil Energy Balance Variations in Soil Temperature Further Examples of Energy Budgets Leaf Shape and Orientation Shaded Leaves within Plant Communities Heat Storage Time Constants Problems References8 Leaves and Fluxes Resistances and Conductances-Transpiration Boundary Layer Adjacent to Leaf Stomata Stomatal Conductance and Resistance Cuticle Intercellular Air Spaces Fick's First Law and Conductances Water Vapor Fluxes Accompanying Transpiration Conductance and Resistance Network Values of Conductances Effective Lengths and Resistance Leaf Water Vapor Concentrations and Mole Fractions Examples of Water Vapor Levels in a Leaf Water Vapor Fluxes Control of Transpiration CO2 Conductances and Resistances Resistance and Conductance Network Mesophyll Area Resistance Formulation for Cell Components Partition Coefficient for CO2 Cell Wall Resistance Plasmalemma Resistance Cytosol Resistance Mesophyll Resistance Chloroplast Resistance CO2 Fluxes Accompanying Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Respiration and Photorespiration Comprehensive CO2 Resistance Network Compensation Points Fluxes of CO2 CO2 Conductances Range in Photosynthetic Rates Environmental Productivity Indices Water-Use Efficiency Values of WUE Elevational Effects on WUE Stomatal Control of WUE C3 versus C4 Plants Problems References9 Plants and Fluxes Gas Fluxes above the Leaf Canopy Wind Speed Profiles Flux Densities Eddy Diffusion Coefficients Resistance of Air above the Canopy Transpiration and Photosynthesis Values for Fluxes and Concentrations Condensation Gas Fluxes within Plant Communities Eddy Diffusion Coefficient and Resistance Water Vapor Attenuation of PPFD Values of Foliar Absorption Coefficients Light Compensation Point CO2 Concentrations and Fluxes CO2 at Night Soil Soil Water Potential Darcy's Law Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Coefficient Fluxes for Cylindrical Symmetry Fluxes for Spherical Symmetry Water Movement in the Xylem and the Phloem Root Tissues The Xylem Poiseuille's Law Applications of Poiseuille's Law The Phloem Phloem Contents and Speed of Movement Mechanism of Phloem Flow Values for Components of the Phloem Water Potential The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Values of Water Potential Components Resistances and Areas Capacitance and Time Constants Daily Changes Problems ReferencesAppendices I Numerical Values of Constants and Coefficients II Conversion Factors and Definitions III Mathematical Relations Prefixes Logarithms Quadratic Equation Trigonometric Functions Differential Equations IV Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential Entropy and Equilibrium Gibbs Free Energy Chemical Potential Pressure Dependence of µ Concentration Dependence of µ General ReferencesSolutions to ProblemsIndex