Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy

Principles and Applications

1st Edition - December 7, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Surya N. Thakur, Virendra N. Rai, Jagdish P. Singh
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 7 3 2 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 7 2 0 1 - 7

Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications introduces the basic principles, instrumentation and major developments in the many applications of Photoa… Read more

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Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications introduces the basic principles, instrumentation and major developments in the many applications of Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy over the last three decades. The book explains the processes of sound generation by periodic optical excitation and ultrasonic generation by pulsed laser excitation and describes the workings of photoacoustic cells equipped with microphones and piezoelectric transducers. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is one of the fastest-growing imaging modalities of recent times. It combines the advantages of ultrasound and optical imaging techniques.

These non-invasive and non-destructive techniques offer many benefits to users by enabling spectroscopy of opaque and inhomogeneous materials, (solid, liquid, powder, gel, gases) without any sample preparation, and more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy: fundamentals and recent advances
1. Introduction
2. The physics of photothermal signal generation
3. Instrumentation for photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy
4. Experimental systems for PAS and PTS
5. Applications of PAS and PTS
6. Future prospects of PTS and PAS
7. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Physics and instrumentation of photothermal and photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids
1. Introduction
2. History of photoacoustic effect
3. Origin of photoacoustic effect: photothermal phenomenon
4. Mechanism of PA generation
5. Nonradiative decay processes
6. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids: theoretical aspect
7. Photoacoustic spectroscopy: technical aspect
8. Instrumentation for photoacoustic spectroscopy
9. Conclusion
Chapter 3. Physics and techniques of photoacoustic spectroscopy of liquids
1. Introduction
2. Theory of photoacoustic generation in liquids
3. Analytical model for photoacoustic spectroscopy of liquids
4. Photopyroelectric technique for measurement of thermal diffusivity in nanofluids
5. Measurement of optical absorbance in opaque liquid
6. Remote detection of photoacoustic spectroscopy signal from liquid on surfaces
7. Recent advances in photoacoustic–liquid detection techniques
8. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Electret microphone for photoacoustic spectrometer and a simple power meter
1. Introduction
2. Condenser microphone
3. Historical development of electret transducer
4. Microphone testing
5. Parametric studies on microphones
6. Miniature microphones
7. Photoacoustic cell with electret microphone
8. Experimental system
9. Performance of the photoacoustic cell
10. Photoacoustic laser power meter
11. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Design, characterization, and applications of photoacoustic cells and spectrometer
1. Introduction
2. Subsystems of photoacoustic spectrometer
3. Photoacoustic cells for solid and liquid samples
4. Miniaturized photoacoustic cell for gaseous sample
5. A conventional photoacoustic spectrometer
6. Electronic devices for system control and measurement
7. Portable and miniaturized photoacoustic spectrometer
8. Photoacoustic signal from cw laser without chopping
9. Parametric studies on PA spectrometer
10. Applications of photoacoustic spectrometer
11. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Photoacoustic imaging instrumentation for life sciences
1. Introduction
2. Laser-tissue interactions in life sciences
3. Photoacoustic measurement systems in life sciences
4. Methods of photoacoustic imaging
5. Photoacoustic microscopy
6. Photoacoustic endoscopy
7. Photoacoustic tomography
8. Future trends in biomedical imaging
9. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Ultrafast laser induced photothermal spectroscopy
1. Introduction
2. Basic principles
3. Evolution of thermal lens spectroscopy
4. Theoretical details
5. Methodology and experimental details
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Thermooptic techniques: a tool for interdisciplinary studies
1. Introduction
2. Physics of photothermal effects
3. Experimental details of photothermal displacement spectroscopy (PTDS)
4. Applications of photothermal displacement spectroscopy
5. Experimental techniques for photothermal lens spectroscopy
6. Applications of photothermal lens spectroscopy
7. Photothermal lens spectroscopy in nonlinear optics–spatial self-phase modulation
8. Photothermal lens spectroscopy in nanoscience and nanotechnology
9. The variety of interdisciplinary applications of photothermal spectroscopy
10. Conclusion
Chapter 9. Photothermal effects in the optical material
1. Introduction
2. Thermal lensing in Nd-doped materials
3. Thermal lensing in Er-doped materials
4. Thermal lensing behavior in Yb-doped gain medium
Chapter 10. Photopyroelectric spectroscopy: a direct photothermal technique to evaluate thermal properties of condensed matter
1. Introduction
2. The photo pyroelectric effect
3. Theory of photo pyroelectric spectroscopy in solids
4. Experimental techniques of photopyroelectric spectroscopy
5. Calibration of the detector
6. Simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of materials
7. Monitoring phase transitions in materials
8. Conclusions
Chapter 11. Photothermal studies in semiconductor materials
1. Photothermal effect in semiconductors
2. Theory of photothermal effect
3. Measurement of photothermal signals
4. Defect analysis in semiconductors
5. Photothermal studies in photovoltaic cells
6. Conclusion
7. Future scope
Chapter 12. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of some layered systems and Nd3+ and Gd3+ in oxides
1. Introduction
2. PA detection in layered samples
3. FTIR-photoacoustic spectroscopy of layered samples
4. PA spectra of some triply ionized rare earths
5. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Photoacoustic studies on neutron irradiated RE oxide powders and γ-irradiated Nd-doped glasses
1. Introduction
2. Electronic and optical properties of rare earth ions
3. Relaxation processes for rare earth ions in lattices
4. Interaction of high-energy radiations with materials
5. Effect of irradiation on rare earth ions in oxides
6. Effect of γ-ray irradiation on rare earth–doped glasses
7. Experiments with Nd-doped phosphate glasses
8. Studies on Nd-doped phosphate glasses
9. Comparative study of the properties of phosphate glasses
10. Conclusion
Chapter 14. A comparative investigation of polymers exposed to γ-rays, neutrons, and protons using optical and photoacoustic techniques
1. Introduction
2. Radiation sources
3. Effect of ionizing radiation on polymers
4. Study of gamma irradiation on polymethyl methacrylate
5. Optical and photoacoustic study on Kapton irradiated with γ-rays, neutrons, and protons
6. Comparison of degradation mechanism in Kapton and polymethyl methacrylate
7. Conclusion
8. Future scope of radiation effects
Chapter 15. Photoacoustic and optical spectroscopy of dye-coated plasmonic thin films of silver and gold
1. Introduction
2. Theory of localized surface plasmon resonance
3. Experimental techniques
4. Study of plasmonic silver thin film
5. Study of plasmonic gold thin film
6. Refractive index sensitivity of plasmonic film
7. Other plasmonic structure as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate
8. Applications of localized surface plasmon resonance
9. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Photoacoustic studies on excitation transfer in organic dyes in solutions and on surfaces
1. Introduction
2. Energy levels and relaxation processes
3. Excitation energy transfer process
4. Mechanism of excitation transfer in dye solution
5. Kinetic processes and rate equation in solution
6. Fluorescence quenching by oxygen
7. Energy transfer in different system
8. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of dyes in solution and on surfaces
9. Applications of excitation transfer in dyes
10. Conclusion
Chapter 17. Photoacoustic spectroscopy in the study of water pollutants and other liquids
1. Introduction
2. Photoacoustic signal generation and detection in liquids
3. Experimental setup for photoacoustic spectroscopy of liquids
4. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of contaminated water
5. Photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy in liquids
6. Photoacoustic sensor for depth profiling in aqueous samples
7. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of solvent mixture using layered prism cell
8. Conclusion
Chapter 18. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of atmospheric pollutants and biomarker gases
1. Introduction
2. Design and construction of PA cells for gases
3. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS)
4. PA spectroscopy in environmental monitoring
5. PA spectroscopy of vapors and gases relating to human health
6. PA spectroscopy of breath biomarkers
7. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Overtone spectroscopy of benzene and substituted benzenes
1. Introduction
2. Overtone spectroscopy with multipass absorption cell
3. Overtone spectroscopy by photothermal technique
4. Overtone spectroscopy with photoacoustic technique
5. Overtone spectra of some substituted benzene molecules
6. Conclusion
Chapter 20. Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy of iodine, bromine, and acetone molecules
1. Introduction
2. Photoacoustic spectrum of I2 vapor in the visible region
3. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of Br2 molecule
4. Photoacoustic detection of nonradiative relaxation in 280nm band of acetone vapor
5. Two-photon high-resolution photoacoustic spectroscopy of acetone vapor
6. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy of explosives and drugs in the form of powder and residue
1. Introduction
2. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of explosives
3. PT spectroscopy of explosives using QCL laser and microcantilever detector
4. PA/PT spectroscopy of explosives using a QTF detector
5. Standoff PA/PT detection of explosive powders and residues
6. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of illegal drugs
7. Conclusion
Chapter 22. Laser photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy for defense and security
1. Introduction
2. Photoacoustic spectroscopy and instrumentation
3. Photothermal detection of hazardous chemicals using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy
4. Applications
5. Conclusion
Chapter 23. Photoacoustic spectroscopy: a novel optical characterization technique in agricultural science
1. Introduction
2. PA spectroscopy in agricultural science
3. The PA cell and the PA spectrometer
4. PA studies in the depth-profiling mode for disease detection in plants
5. PA measurements on gas evolution from seeds under different environments
6. PA detection and diagnosis of pathogens, nitrogen nutrition in rice plants
7. Conclusion
Chapter 24. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of food stuff
1. Introduction
2. Experimental detail
3. Analysis of agroproducts and beverage
4. Analysis of animal-based products
5. Portable photoacoustic spectrometers
Chapter 25. Application of modulated optical excitation in the investigation and cure of diseases
1. Introduction
2. Laser therapy in diabetic wounds
3. Optical diagnosis and treatment of burn injury
4. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in disease detection
5. Medical applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy
6. Summary
Chapter 26. Photoacoustic imaging and detection of breast cancer and cervical cancer
1. Introduction
2. Modalities of detecting breast cancer
3. Breast cancer and PA imaging
4. PA imaging systems for breast cancer
5. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of cervical cancer
6. PAI with miniaturized endoscopic system
7. PAI and PTT for treatment of cervical cancer
8. Conclusion
Chapter 27. Applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy and imaging in gastroenterology
1. Introduction
2. Endoscopy of gastrointestinal disorders
3. Applications of PA imaging in GI tract
4. PA endoscopy in pancreatic cancer
5. PA tomography of the intestine
6. PA imaging of the procine stomach wall
7. Conclusion
Chapter 28. A comparative account of PAS and LIBS for compositional studies of gallbladder stones
1. Introduction
2. Types and formation of gallbladder stone
3. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) of gallbladder stones
4. Optical spectra of gallstone sample
5. Compositional analysis of gallstone using photoacoustic spectroscopy and UV visible spectroscopy
6. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of gallbladder stones
7. Conclusions
Chapter 29. Photoacoustic imaging of the brain in animal models
1. Introduction
2. Principle and methods of PAT for neurovascular imaging
3. PAT in functional imaging of brain
4. PAT with genetically encoded probes
5. PAT of the human brain
6. Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 30. Photoacoustic tomography and its applications
1. Introduction
2. Historical development of photoacoustic imaging
3. Principle of photoacoustic tomography (PAT)
4. Photoacoustic imaging systems
5. Hand held photoacoustic imaging system (real time)
6. Recent advances in PAT systems
7. Application of photoacoustic imaging in detecting cancers
8. PA image guided drug delivery for therapeutic application
9. Conclusion
Index

Surya N. Thakur

Surya N. Thakur is a retired Professor of Physics at Banaras Hindu University, India. He has taught courses in Physical Optics, Atomic Spectroscopy, Electronic & Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules, Spectro-Chemical Analysis, Lasers & Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Molecular Vibrations & Nonradiative Transitions and Experimental Techniques of Supersonic Molecular Beam Spectroscopy, Photoacoustic & Photothermal Spectroscopy, Optogalvanic Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy. He received his PhD in Experimental Spectroscopy from Banaras Hindu University and carried out postdoctoral work at Reading University, UK and SUNY Binghamton, USA. His interests are nonlinear spectroscopy, potential surfaces and nonradiative transitions in large molecules. He has held 1851 Exhibition Fellowship of the Royal Commission (London) and the Career Award of the University Grants Commission (New Delhi, India). He was President of the Physics Section of Indian National Science Congress in 1991 and is a Fellow of the Laser and Spectroscopy Society of India. He has over 100 research publications.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Virendra N. Rai

Dr. Virendra N Rai obtained his PhD in Physics from the Banaras Hindu University in 1983. He has specialization in Laser Produced Plasma, Plasma Diagnostics, Magnetic Confinement of Plasma, Laser Spectroscopy, Material Characterization, and Radiation effect on Material. Dr. Rai is an adjunct Professor (Hon.), Devi Ahilya University, Indore, since April 2018. Prior to this he was a scientific officer in Indus Synchrotron Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, where he also worked as a scientific officer in Laser Plasma Division. He has guided 4 M. Tech students and 5 PhD students. He is Life Member of Indian Laser Association (ILA), Plasma Science Society of India (PSSI), Laser and Spectroscopy Society of India (LASSI), Indian Society for Radiation Physics (ISRP). He has over 150 research publications and he has been a reviewer of a dozen international journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Scientific Officer, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India

Jagdish P. Singh

Dr. Singh received his M.Sc. and PhD from Banaras Hindu University, India. His field of specialization is Laser Spectroscopy, Optical Fiber Sensors, Explosive detection, Molecular Dynamics, Laser Diagnostics for Combustion, Laser Ultrasonic and Hazardous Waste Management. Dr. Singh is currently working on laser-based advanced optical diagnostics such as Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for measuring the composition of the Plutonium Oxide residue produced during weapons-grade Plutonium processing. He has developed LIBS for measuring the concentration of toxic metals in the off-gases and in melt glass. Dr. Singh has worked in laser photo fragmentation laser induced fluorescence (PF-LIF) to measure the concentration of explosives. Dr. Singh has also developed Non-linear laser diagnostic techniques such as Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy for high temperature, high luminescence and turbulent combustion flows. He has published 165 papers in International Journals, 176 presentations and 8 patents. Dr. Singh is Fellow of OSA and LASSI.

Affiliations and expertise

Institute for Clean Energy Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University – Starkville, MS, USA

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Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy

Principles and Applications

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Surya N. Thakur

Virendra N. Rai

Jagdish P. Singh

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