Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy

I. Basic physics and instrumentation　

Chapter 1. Photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy: Fundamentals and recent advances　

1. Introduction　
2. The Physics of Photothermal signal generation　
3. Instrumentation for Photoacoustic (PA) and Photothermal (PT) Spectroscopy　
4. Experimental Systems for PAS and PTS　
5. Applications of PAS and PTS　
6. Future Prospects of PTS and PAS　
7. Conclusion　

　

　Ib. Photoacoustic spectroscopy　

　

Chapter 2.　Physics and instrumentation for photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids

　

1. Introduction　
2. Theory of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy　
3. Direct and indirect detection of PA signal　
4. Design and fabrication of photoacoustic cell　　
5. Photoacoustic spectrometer　　
6. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 3.　Physics and techniques of photoacoustic spectroscopy of liquids

　

1. Introduction　
2. Theory of photoacoustic signal generation in liquids　
3. Experimental system for photoacoustic spectroscopy of　 liquids　
4. Photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy (PARS) of liquids　
5. Photoacoustic two-photon vibronic spectroscopy in liquids　
6. Photoacoustic vibrational-overtone spectroscopy in liquids　
7. Conclusion

Chapter 4.　Electret microphone for photoacoustic spectrometer and a simple power meter　

1. Introduction　
2. Electrical and mechanical properties of condenser microphone　
3. Design and Fabrication of Electret microphone　
4. Design and Fabrication of Photoacoustic cell for power meter　
5. Calibration of the power meter　
6. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 5.　Design, characterization and applications of photoacoustic cells

　

1. Introduction　
2. Components of Photoacoustic spectrometer　
3. Photoacoustic cells　
4. Electronics and signal processing　
5. Characterization of PA spectrometer　
6. PA signal from　cw　Laser without chopping　
7. Conclusion.　

　

Chapter 6.　Photoacoustic instrumentation for life sciences

　

1. Introduction　
2. Laser-tissue interactions　
3. Photoacoustic measurement systems　
4. Methods of Photoacoustic Imaging　
5. Photoacoustic microscopy　
6. Photoacoustic endoscopy　
7. Photoacoustic tomography　
8. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 7.　Ultrafast Laser Induced Photothermal Spectroscopy

　

1. Introduction　
2. Theoretical Principles　
3. Experimental Details　
4. Development of models　　
5. Conclusions　
6. Epilogue　

　

Ic. Photothermal spectroscopy

　

　

Chapter 8. Thermo-optic techniques: A tool for interdisciplinary studies

　

1. Introduction　
2. Physics of photothermal effects　

1. Theory of photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PTDS)　
2. Theory of photothermal lens spectroscopy (PTLS)　

3. Experimental details of PTDS　
4. Applications of PTDS　
5. Experimental details of PTLS　

1. Single beam PTLS　
2. Dual beam PTLS　

6. Photothermal lens technique in the study of nonlinear optical effects　
7. Photothermal lens technique in spectroscopic investigations　
8. Photothermal lens technique in nanoscience and nanotechnology　
9. Interdisciplinary applications of thermo-optic spectroscopy　
10. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 9. Photothermal effects in optical materials

　

1. Introduction　
2. Thermal lensing experiment　
3. Thermal lensing in Nd-doped gain medium　
4. Thermal lensing in Er-doped gain medium　
5. Thermal lensing in Yb-doped gain medium　
6. Methods of reducing thermal lensing effects　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 10. Photopyroelectric spectroscopy: a direct photothermal technique to evaluate thermal properties of condensed matter

　

1. Introduction　
2. The photopyroelectric effect: Theory　
3. Photopyroelectric technique: Instrumentation　
4. Simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity　
5. Monitoring phase transitions in solids　
6. Results on selected systems and Discussion　
7. Conclusions　

II.　 PAS and PTS applications　

IIa. Material science and radiation damage

　

　

Chapter 11. Photothermal studies in semiconductor materials

　

1. Photothermal (PT) effect in semiconductors　
2. 1-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional theoretical models for PT signal generation　
3. Measurement of thermal and electronic transport properties of semiconductors　
4. Photothermal signals due to defect bands in semiconductors　
5. Photothermal studies in semiconductor devices　
6. Plasmon assisted photothermal effect in semiconductors　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 12. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of some layered systems and Rare-Earth ions

　

1. Introduction　
2. Requirements of Photoacoustic spectrometer　　
3. Design and Calibration of photoacoustic cell and spectrometer　
4. Photoacoustic signal in a layered sample　
5. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of RE ions with a Microphone detector　
6. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of RE ions with a Piezoelectric detector　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 13. Photoacoustic studies on neutron irradiated RE-oxide powder and γ- irritated Nd-doped glasses

　

1. Introduction　
2. Relaxation processes of RE-ions in lattices　
3. Photoacoustic spectra of RE-oxide powder　
4. Effect of neutron irradiation on Er₂O₃　
5. Optical absorption spectra of gamma-irradiated Nd-doped glass　
6. FTIR spectroscopy of gamma-irradiated Nd-doped glass　
7. EDX and XPS of gamma-irradiated Nd-doped glass　
8. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 14. A comparative Investigation of polymers exposed to neutrons, protons and γ-rays using optical and photoacoustic techniques

　

1. Introduction　
2. Effects of high energy particles on polymers　
3. PA spectroscopy of neutron and proton irradiated Kapton　
4. UV-Vis spectroscopy of γ- irradiated Kapton and PMMA　
5. FTIR spectroscopy of γ- irradiated Kapton and PMMA　
6. Degradation processes in Kapton and PMMA　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 15. Photoacoustic and optical spectroscopy of dye-coated plasmonic thin films of silver and gold

　

1. Introduction　
2. Optical properties of thin film of metal and it's composite with dye　
3. PA spectra of thin silver films　
4. PA spectra of composite of silver films with dye　
5. Theoretically calculated spectra of silver films and it's dye composite　
6. Surface morphology of thin gold film　
7. Optical properties of gold and dye composite films　
8. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 16. Photoacoustic studies on organic dye solutions

　

1. Introduction　
2. Energy levels and relaxation processes in dyes　
3. Excitation-transfer and kinetic processes in solutions　
4. PA spectroscopy of Rh6G and　RhB　dye mixture　
5. PA spectroscopy of dyes adsorbed on Al₂O₃　surface　
6. Evaluation of rate constant　
7. Fluorescence quenching in　RhB　by O₂　
8. Conclusion　　

　

IIb. Environmental monitoring

　

　

Chapter 17. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of liquid samples and polluted water

　

1. Introduction　
2. Experimental techniques for PAS of liquids　
3. Photoacoustic Raman gain spectroscopy of liquids　
4. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of actinides in solutions　
5. PAS detection of orthophosphate and ammonium in solution　
6. PAS of low volatility liquids　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 18. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of gases and harmful vapours

　

1. Introduction　
2. Photoacoustic cells for measurements on gases　
3. Photoacoustic gas temperature monitoring　
4. Trace detection of polluting gases　
5. PA spectroscopy of ozone　
6. PA spectroscopy of gases emanating from human body　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 19. Thermal lensing spectroscopy of hydrocarbon molecules

　

1. Introduction　
2. Mechanism of laser-induced lens　
3. Vibrational modes of molecules　
4. Experimental setup for overtone spectroscopy　
5. Overtone spectroscopy of benzene molecule　
6. Overtone spectroscopy of substituted benzene molecules　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 20. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules

　

1. Introduction　
2. Experimental setup　
3. Photoacoustic electronic spectroscopy of I2 molecule　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
4. Photoacoustic electronic spectroscopy of Br2 molecule　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
5. Two-photon spectroscopy of acetone molecule　　　　　　

IIc. Homeland security　

　

Chapter 21.　Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy of explosives and drugs

　

1. Introduction　
2. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of explosives　
3. Photoacoustic spectroscopy of drugs　
4. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 22.　Laser Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy for Homeland Security and　Defense

　

1. Introduction　
2. Security environment　
3. Technology of PA detection in hazardous atmosphere　
4. Experimental Systems　
5. Conclusion　

　

IId. Agriculture and food

　

　

Chapter 23.　Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: A novel optical characterization technique in Agricultural science

　

1. Introduction　
2. Photoacoustic spectroscopy in Agricultural science　
3. Design and fabrication of photoacoustic cell　
4. Experimental setup for PAS of samples　
5. PA spectral characterization of disease in plants　
6. Conclusion　
7. Future of PAS in Agricultural science　

　

Chapter 24.　Photoacoustic spectroscopy of foodstuff

　

1. Introduction　
2. PA spectroscopy of grains and legumes　
3. PA spectroscopy of fruits and vegetables　
4. PA spectroscopy of food dyes　
5. PA spectroscopy in　agrofood　industry　
6. Conclusions　

　

IIe. Life science and biomedical　

　

　

Chapter 25.　Application of modulated optical excitation in the investigation and cure of diseases

　

1. Introduction　
2. Experimental setup　
3. Photoacoustic signal generation in tissue　
4. Spectroscopic applications　
5. Photothermal and optical excitation in wound healing　
6. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 26.　Applications of optical and photothermal excitations in cervical and breast cancers

　

1. Introduction　
2. Effect of modulated laser radiation on tissue　
3. Disease diagnosis with photothermal spectroscopy　
4. Photoacoustic imaging in cervical cancer　
5. Photoacoustic imaging in breast cancer　
6. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 27.　Applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy in gastroenterology

　

1. Introduction　
2. Principles of photoacoustic imaging　
3. Gastrointestinal tract and its disorders　
4. Photoacoustic endoscopy of　esophagus　
5. Multispectral photoacoustic tomography　
6. Photoacoustic imaging in pancreatic cancer　
7. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 28.　A Comparative account of PAS and LIBS for compositional studies of gallbladder stones

　

1. Introduction　　
2. LIBS analysis of gallbladder stone　
3. PAS analysis of gallbladder stones　
4. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 29.　Photoacoustic imaging of the mouse brain to get insights into the human brain

　

1. Introduction　
2. Principle of photoacoustic tomography　　
3. Photoacoustic focused scanning tomography　
4. Photoacoustic computed tomography　
5. Photoacoustic imaging of brain　
6. PAT of the brain in action and at rest　
7. Photoacoustic molecular imaging in the brain　
8. Conclusion　

　

Chapter 30.　Photoacoustic Tomography and its Applications

　

1. Introduction　
2. Optical and photoacoustic tomography　
3. Experimental systems　　
4. Applications　
5. Conclusion