Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia
Foundations and Clinical Application
- 2nd Edition - October 19, 2018
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Authors: Hugh C. Hemmings, Talmage D. Egan
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 8 1 1 0 - 6
Pharmacology and physiology are the foundation of every anesthesia provider’s training and clinical competency. Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clini… Read more
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Request a sales quotePharmacology and physiology are the foundation of every anesthesia provider’s training and clinical competency. Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application, 2nd Edition, delivers the information you need in pharmacology, physiology, and molecular-cellular biology, keeping you current with contemporary training and practice. This thoroughly updated edition is your one-stop, comprehensive overview of physiology, and rational anesthetic drug selection and administration, perfect for study, review, and successful practice.
- Contains new chapters on Special Populations (anesthetic pharmacology in obesity, geriatrics, and pediatrics), Oral and Non-IV Opioids, Thermoregulation, Physiology and Pharmacology of Obstetric Anesthesia, Chemotherapeutic and Immunosuppresive Drugs, and Surgical Infection and Antimicrobial Drugs.
- Incorporates entirely new sections on Physics, Anatomy, and Imaging.
- Includes new information on consciousness and cognition, pharmacodynamics, the immune system, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
- Features user-friendly tables, figures, and algorithms (including 100 new illustrations), all presented in full color and designed to help explain complex concepts.
- Helps you understand the molecular mechanism of drug actions and identify key drug interactions that may complicate anesthesia with dedicated sections on these areas.
- Expert Consult™ eBook version included with purchase, which allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices
- Cover image
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Excerpts from the Preface to the First Edition
- Section I Basic Principles of Pharmacology
- Introduction
- 1 Mechanisms of Drug Action
- Abstract
- The Receptor Concept
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacogenetics
- Drug Discovery
- Novel Antidotes
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 2 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles for Intravenous Anesthetics
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Unique Aspects of Anesthetic Pharmacology
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Pharmacologic Modeling
- Pharmacologic Simulation
- PK-PD Model Simulation and Anesthesia Posology
- PK-PD Models and Technology
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 3 Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Classes of Inhaled Anesthetics
- Physical Properties
- Measuring Anesthetic Potency as MAC
- Monitoring Inhaled Anesthetic Delivery
- Metabolism and Degradation
- Uptake and Distribution
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Outline
- Background
- Liquids, Gases, and Vapors
- Liquefaction and Vaporization
- Gas Laws
- Humidity
- Gas Conditions
- References
- Outline
- Background
- Calibration and Preparation Before Use
- Monitoring Methods
- Technologies
- References
- Key References
- References
- 4 Drug Metabolism and Pharmacogenetics
- Abstract
- Evolutionary Perspective
- Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Variability in Drug Responses
- Pharmacokinetic Considerations
- Pharmacogenomics and Drugs Commonly Used in Anesthesia (Table 4.15)
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 5 Physiology and Pharmacology of Obesity, Pediatrics, and the Elderly
- Abstract
- Obese Patients
- Pediatric Patients
- Elderly Patients
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 6 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions
- Abstract
- History
- Study of Drug Interactions
- Response Surface Models
- Understanding Drug Interactions Among Commonly Used Anesthetic Drugs
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 7 Adverse Drug Reactions
- Abstract
- Definition
- Drug Administration Errors
- Types of Adverse Drug Reactions
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Section II Nervous System
- Introduction
- 8 Central Nervous System Physiology
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Glia
- The Neuron
- The Brain: Structure Determines Function
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Outline
- Background
- Basic Electrical Concepts
- Electrical Hazards
- Reference
- Key References
- References
- 9 Central Nervous System Physiology
- Abstract
- Cerebrovascular Anatomy
- Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
- Cerebral Spinal Fluid Dynamics
- Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 10 Pharmacology of Intravenous Anesthetics
- Abstract
- History of Intravenous Anesthesia
- Pharmacologic Targets of Intravenous Anesthetics in the Central Nervous System
- Individual Agents
- Benzodiazepines
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 11 Pharmacology of Inhaled Anesthetics
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Structure-Activity Relationships
- Mechanisms of Action
- Nonanesthetic Effects
- Adverse Effects
- Unique Features of Individual Agents
- Drug Interactions
- Factors Influencing MAC
- Common Clinical Indications and Considerations
- Emerging Developments–
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 12 Drugs for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
- Historical Perspective
- Antidepressant Drugs
- Anxiolytic Drugs
- Antipsychotic Drugs
- Mood Stabilizer Drugs
- Psychostimulants
- Pharmacologic Treatment of Parkinson Disease
- Pharmacologic Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis
- Antiepileptic Drugs
- Drugs of Abuse
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 13 Autonomic Nervous System
- Abstract
- Historical Considerations
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Cellular Physiology
- Autonomic Nervous System Reflexes
- Anesthesia, Disease, and the Autonomic Nervous System
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 14 Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology
- Historical Perspective
- Structure and Mechanism of Adrenergic Receptors
- Endogenous Catecholamines
- Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics
- Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
- Inhibition of Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Norepinephrine
- Parasympathetic Pharmacology
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 15 Thermoregulation
- Abstract
- Normal Physiologic Thermoregulation
- Anesthetic Effects on Thermoregulation
- Effects of Anesthetic Techniques and Agents
- Consequences of Thermal Dysregulation Related to Anesthesia
- Measuring Temperature Intraoperatively
- Prevention and Correction of Intraoperative Hypothermia
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 16 Nociceptive Physiology
- Systems Physiology
- Peripheral Nociception
- Signal Processing in the Dorsal Horn
- Supraspinal Structures
- Descending Pathways
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 17 Intravenous Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Basic Pharmacology
- Metabolism
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Clinical Application
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 18 Nonintravenous Opioids
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Basic Pharmacology
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Clinical Applications
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 19 Nonopioid Analgesics
- Abstract
- NSAID History
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen
- Special Populations
- Drugs Used for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Gabapentin and Pregabalin
- Special Populations
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 20 Local Anesthetics
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Chemical Structure and Physicochemical Properties
- Specific Local Anesthetics
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Outline
- Background
- Ultrasound Wave Generation: Transducers, Frequency, Attenuation
- Ultrasound Wave–Tissue Interaction: Resolution
- Enhancement of Echogenicity
- Doppler Ultrasound
- Safety of Ultrasound Imaging
- Key Concepts
- References
- Key References
- References
- 21 Neuromuscular Physiology and Pharmacology
- Abstract
- Overview of Neuromuscular Transmission
- Structure and Function of the Neuromuscular Junction
- Quantal Theory of Neuromuscular Transmission
- Synaptic Vesicles and Recycling
- Nerve Terminal Action Potential
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Acetylcholine Receptors
- Plasticity of the Neuromuscular Junction
- Age-Associated Changes in the Neuromuscular Junction
- Clinical Implications—Actions of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
- Neuromuscular Junction in Disease and Injury
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 22 Neuromuscular Blockers and Reversal Drugs
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
- Monitoring Neuromuscular Function
- Structure–Activity Relationships
- Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
- Postoperative Residual Neuromuscular Block
- Use in Critical Care
- Antagonism of Residual Neuromuscular Block
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Section III Cardiovascular System
- Introduction
- 23 Cardiovascular Physiology
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Cardiac Excitation
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- Vascular Regulation
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 24 Cardiovascular Physiology
- Abstract
- Cardiac Physiology
- Hemodynamics and Systemic Vascular Control
- Factors Influencing the Balancing Between Capillary Filtration and Absorption
- Major Cardiovascular Reflexes
- Tissue Oxygen Transport
- Determinants of Myocardial Oxygen Supply and Demand
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- A The Aortic Arch in an Idealized Anatomic Drawing
- B Arteries of the Upper Extremity in an Idealized Anatomic Drawing
- C Relationships of the Subclavian Vessels, Scalene Muscles, and Brachial Plexus Visualized in an Idealized Anatomic Drawing and by Ultrasonography
- D The Profunda Artery as Visualized in an Anatomic Dissection and by Ultrasonogaphy
- E the Brachial Artery as Visualized in an Anatomic Dissection and by Ultrasonography
- F The Ulnar and Radial Arteries as Visualized in an Anatomic Dissection and by Ultrasonography
- References
- Outline
- Background
- Fluid Flow
- Viscosity
- Types and Properties of Flow
- Flow Meters
- Outline
- Background
- Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement
- Continuous, Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring
- References
- Key References
- References
- 25 Vasopressors and Inotropes
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Structure-Activity Relationships
- Mechanisms
- Pharmacodynamics and Drug Interactions
- Pharmacogenetics
- Individual Drugs
- Rational Drug Selection
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 26 Antihypertensive Drugs and Vasodilators
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Sites and Mechanisms of Antihypertensive and Vasodilator Drugs
- Basic Pharmacology and Mechanisms of Action of Individual Drug Classes
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Adverse Effects
- Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
- Hypertension and Anesthesia
- Pulmonary Vasodilators
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 27 Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Basic Pharmacology
- Clinical Pharmacology
- Clinical Application
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 28 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Section IV Pulmonary System
- Introduction
- 29 Pulmonary Physiology
- Abstract
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- The Airway
- Oxygenation
- Active Control of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
- Control of Breathing
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Outline
- Background
- Blood Gas Measurement Instrumentation
- Sampling for Blood Gas Analysis
- References
- Outline
- Background
- Medical Gas Cylinders
- Pressure Measurement and Regulation of Gases
- References
- Outline
- Background
- Pulse Oximetry Probe
- Principle
- Limitations of Pulse Oximetry
- References
- Key References
- References
- 30 Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Abstract
- β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists
- Anticholinergics
- Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Methylxanthines and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- Leukotriene Receptor Inhibitors and 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Anesthetic Agents as Bronchodilators
- Mucolytic Therapies
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Section V Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Systems
- Introduction
- 31 Liver and Gastrointestinal Physiology
- Liver
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 32 Liver and Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
- Abstract
- Liver Pharmacology
- Anesthetic Drugs and the Liver
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 33 Nutritional and Metabolic Therapy
- Abstract
- Fasting in the Perioperative Period
- Benefits of Early Enteral Feeding
- Timing of Nutrient Delivery
- Pharmaconutrition-Immunonutrition
- Specific Nutrients
- Timing of Delivery of Nutrients as Pharmacologic Agents
- Use of Protocols Enhance Safe Delivery of Nutrients
- Emerging Developments
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 34 Pharmacology of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting
- Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
- Granisetron and Dolasetron
- Dopamine Receptor Antagonists
- Corticosteroids
- NK1 Receptor Antagonists
- H1-Receptor Antagonists
- GABA Receptor Agonists
- Opioid Receptor Antagonists
- Cannabinoids
- Risk-Based Prophylaxis
- Multimodal Therapy
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 35 Endocrine Physiology
- Abstract
- Pituitary Physiology
- Parathyroid Physiology
- Thyroid Physiology
- Adrenal Gland Physiology
- Adrenal Medulla Physiology
- Pancreas Physiology
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 36 Endocrine Pharmacology
- Abstract
- Drugs to Treat Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas
- Drugs to Treat Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-End-Organ Axis
- Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Related Drugs
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 37 Physiology and Pharmacology of Obstetric Anesthesia
- Abstract
- Physiology
- Pharmacology
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Acknowledgments
- Key References
- References
- Section VI Immunity and Infection
- Introduction
- 38 Chemotherapy, Immunosuppression, and Anesthesia
- Abstract
- Chemotherapy
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Antimetastasis Therapy
- Immunotherapy
- How Anesthetics Might Affect Cancer
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 39 Infection, Antimicrobial Drugs, and Anesthesia
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Introduction
- Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Clinical Pharmacology of Common Perioperative Antimicrobial Agents
- Selection of Antimicrobial Agents for SSI Prevention
- Dosing and Administration of Prophylactic Antibiotics
- Clostridium Difficile Infection
- Cost Containment
- Summary
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Section VII Fluid, Electrolyte, and Hematologic Homeostasis
- Introduction
- 40 Renal Physiology
- Abstract
- Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Age-Related Renal Changes
- The Nephron
- Water and the Kidney
- Salt and the Kidney
- Potassium and the Kidney
- Toxin and Metabolite Excretion
- Acid–Base Balance
- Renal Hormone Production
- Risk of Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury
- Acute Kidney Injury in Surgical Patients
- Assessment and Management of Acute Kidney Injury
- Intraoperative Management of Renal Function
- Anesthetic Drugs and Impaired Renal Function
- Common Perioperative Medications That Impair Renal Function
- Perioperative Renal Replacement Therapy
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 41 Intravascular Volume Replacement Therapy
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Conventional Concepts
- Body Fluid Dynamics (Modeling Fluid Therapy)
- Guiding Principles and Clinical Implications
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 42 Electrolytes and Diuretics
- Abstract
- Electrolytes
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Phosphate
- Magnesium
- Diuretics
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Section VIII Blood and Hemostasis
- Introduction
- 43 Blood and Coagulation
- Abstract
- Normal Hemostatic Mechanisms
- Hypocoagulability: Perioperative Bleeding
- Hemostatic Testing
- Blood Conservation
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 44 Transfusion and Coagulation Therapy
- Hemoglobin and Volume Replacement Therapies
- Hemostatic Interventions and Coagulation Therapies
- Special Considerations
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- 45 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy
- Normal Platelet Function and Hemostasis
- Mechanisms of Thrombin and Fibrin Generation
- Indirect Inhibitors of Thrombin Generation
- Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
- Antiplatelet Agents
- Emerging Developments
- Key Points
- Key References
- References
- Index
- Edition: 2
- Published: October 19, 2018
- Imprint: Elsevier
- No. of pages: 994
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323481106
HH
Hugh C. Hemmings
Affiliations and expertise
Joseph F. Artusio Jr. Professor and Chair of Anesthesiology, Professor of Pharmacology, Senior Associate Dean for Research,Weill Cornell Medicine; Anesthesiologist-in-Chief, New York-Presbyterian Hospital; Adjunct Professor, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.TE
Talmage D. Egan
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Anesthesiology, Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutics, Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering, Attending Anesthesiologist, Vice Chair for Research, K.C. Wong Presidential Endowed Chair, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.Read Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia on ScienceDirect