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Pharmaceutical Analysis
A Textbook for Pharmacy Students and Pharmaceutical Chemists
- 5th Edition - June 29, 2020
- Author: David G. Watson
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 7 8 0 8 - 8
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 7 8 0 7 - 1
Pharmaceutical analysis determines the purity, concentration, active compounds, shelf life, rate of absorption in the body, identity, stability, rate of release etc. of a drug. Te… Read more
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Request a sales quotePharmaceutical analysis determines the purity, concentration, active compounds, shelf life, rate of absorption in the body, identity, stability, rate of release etc. of a drug. Testing a pharmaceutical product involves a variety of analyses, and the analytical processes described in this book are used in industries as diverse as food, beverages, cosmetics, detergents, metals, paints, water, agrochemicals, biotechnological products and pharmaceuticals.
The mathematics involved is notoriously difficult, but this much-praised and well established textbook, now revised and updated for its fifth edition, guides a student through the complexities with clear writing and the author's expertise from many years' teaching pharmacy students.
- Worked calculation examples and self-assessment test questions aid continuous learning reinforcement throughout
- Frequent use of figures and diagrams clarify points made in the text
- Practical examples are used to show the application of techniques
- Key points boxes summarise the need to know information for each topic
- Focuses on the most relevant and frequently used techniques within the field
- Instructions for online access
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Learning resources
- 1. Control of the quality of analytical methods
- Introduction
- Control of errors in analysis
- Accuracy and precision
- Validation of analytical procedures
- Standard operating procedure for the assay of paracetamol tablets
- Compound random errors
- Reporting of results
- Other terms used in the control of analytical procedures
- Basic calculations in pharmaceutical analysis
- 2. Physical and chemical properties of drug molecules
- Introduction
- Calculation of pH value of aqueous solutions of strong and weak acids and bases
- Acidic and basic strength and pKa
- Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
- Ionization of drug molecules
- Buffers
- Salt hydrolysis
- Activity, ionic strength and dielectric constant
- Partition coefficient
- Drug stability
- Stereochemistry of drugs
- Measurement of optical rotation (Animation 2.2)
- Profiles of physico-chemical properties of some drug molecules
- 3. Titrimetric and chemical analysis methods
- Introduction
- Instrumentation and reagents
- Direct acid/base titrations in the aqueous phase
- Titrations of the salts of weak bases in mixed aqueous/non-aqueous media
- Indirect titrations in the aqueous phase
- Non-aqueous titrations
- Argentometric titrations
- Complexometric titrations
- Redox titrations
- Iodometric titrations
- Ion pair titrations
- Diazotization titrations
- Potentiometric titrations
- Karl Fischer titration (coulometric end-point detection)
- Automation of wet chemical methods
- Applications of FIA in pharmaceutical analysis
- 4. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy
- Introduction
- Factors governing absorption of radiation in the UV/visible region (Animations 4.1 and 4.2)
- Beer–Lambert Law
- Instrumentation
- Diode array instruments
- Instrument calibration
- UV spectra of some representative drug molecules
- Use of UV/visible spectrophotometry to determine pKa values
- Applications of UV/visible spectroscopy to pharmaceutical quantitative analysis
- Difference spectrophotometry
- Derivative spectra
- Applications of UV/visible spectroscopy in preformulation and formulation
- 5. Infrared spectrophotometry
- Introduction
- Factors determining intensity and energy level of absorption in IR spectra
- Instrumentation
- Sample preparation
- Application of IR spectrophotometry in structure elucidation
- Examples of IR spectra of drug molecules
- IR spectrophotometry as a fingerprint technique
- IR spectrophotometry as a method for identifying polymorphs
- Near-infrared analysis (NIRA)
- Introduction
- Examples of NIRA applications
- 6. Atomic spectrophotometry
- Atomic emission spectrophotometry
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Examples of quantitation by AES
- Interferences in AES analysis (see Animation 6.3)
- Assays based on the method of standard additions
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Examples of assays using AAS (Animation 6.4)
- Some examples of limit tests employing AAS
- Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
- 7. Molecular emission spectroscopy
- Fluorescence spectrophotometry
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Molecules that exhibit fluorescence
- Factors interfering with fluorescence intensity
- Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometry in pharmaceutical analysis
- Raman spectroscopy
- Introduction
- 8. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Proton (1H) NMR
- Application of NMR to structure confirmation in some drug molecules
- Carbon NMR
- Two-dimensional NMR spectra
- Application of NMR to quantitative analysis
- Other specialized applications of NMR
- 9. Mass spectrometry
- Introduction
- Ion generation
- Other ionization methods
- Ion separation techniques
- A more detailed consideration of mass spectra
- Molecular fragmentation patterns
- Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- Applications of GC–MS with EI
- Tandem MS (Animation 9.11)
- High-resolution mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry of proteins
- Mass spectrometry in drug discovery
- 10. Chromatographic theory
- Introduction
- Void volume and capacity factor
- Calculation of column efficiency
- Origins of band broadening in HPLC
- Parameters used in evaluating column performance
- Data acquisition
- Report generation
- 11. Gas chromatography
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Selectivity of liquid stationary phases
- Use of derivatization in GC
- Summary of parameters governing capillary GC performance
- GC detectors
- Applications of GC in quantitative analysis
- Determination of manufacturing and degradation residues by GC
- Determination of residual solvents
- Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) (Animation 11.3)
- Applications of GC in bioanalysis
- 12. High-performance liquid chromatography
- Introduction
- Instrumentation (Animations 12.2 and 12.3)
- Stationary and mobile phases
- Structural factors which govern rate of elution of compounds from HPLC columns
- More advanced consideration of solvent selectivity in reverse-phase chromatography
- Effect of temperature on HPLC
- Summary of stationary phases used in HPLC
- A more advanced consideration of reverse-phase stationary phases
- Summary of detectors used in HPLC
- Performance of a diode array detector
- Applications of HPLC to the quantitative analysis of drugs in formulations
- Assays involving more specialized HPLC techniques
- 13. Thin-layer chromatography
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- TLC chromatogram
- Stationary phases
- Elutropic series and mobile phases
- Modification of TLC adsorbant
- Detection of compounds on TLC plates following development
- Applications of TLC analysis
- High-performance TLC (HPTLC)
- 14. High-performance capillary electrophoresis
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Control of separation
- Applications of CE in pharmaceutical analysis
- Use of additives in the running buffer
- 15. Extraction methods in pharmaceutical analysis
- Introduction
- Commonly used excipients in formulations
- Tablets and capsules
- Solvent extraction methods
- Microdialysis extraction
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE)
- Introduction
- Methodology
- Types of adsorbants used in SPE
- Typical extraction methodologies using lipophilic silica gels
- Adaptation of SPE for automated on-line extraction prior to HPLC analysis
- Recent developments in solid-phase and on-line extraction
- 16. Methods used in the quality control of biotechnologically produced drugs
- Protein drugs
- Protein structure
- Instrumental techniques used in the analysis of biotechnologically produced drugs
- 17. Electrochemical biosensors
- Introduction
- Basic principles of electrochemistry
- Types of electrochemical biosensors
- Instrumentation
- Examples of biosensors utilized for pharmaceutical analysis
- Limitations of biosensors in pharmaceutical analysis
- Index
- No. of pages: 480
- Language: English
- Edition: 5
- Published: June 29, 2020
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780702078088
- Paperback ISBN: 9780702078071
DW
David G. Watson
Affiliations and expertise
Senior Lecturer in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK