Petrophysics

Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties

5th Edition - March 27, 2024
Authors: Djebbar Tiab, Erle C. Donaldson
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 1 2 7 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 1 2 8 - 4

Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Fifth Edition is a seminal text on the field that delivers information for reservoir… Read more

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Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Fifth Edition is a seminal text on the field that delivers information for reservoir engineers, production engineers, and geoscience students who need to understand rock-fluid interactions in order to maximize reservoir performance and minimize emissions and environmental impacts. This new edition lays a foundation to petroleum geology, including an overview of pre- and post- carbon emission concerns, porosity and permeability, formation resistivity and water saturation, capillary pressure, wettability, applications of Darcy’s Law, naturally fractured reservoirs, stress effects on reservoir rock, reservoir characterization and well logs, and more.

Each chapter synthesizes relevant theory, studies and advances, methods, procedures, calculations, definitions, exercises and assignments designed to reinforce learning.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface: Fifth Edition of Petrophysics
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Units
Chapter 1. Minerals and Sedimentary Rocks
Mineral Constituents of Rocks: A Review
Properties of Sedimentary Particles
Development and Use of Petrophysics
Problems
Glossary
Chapter 2. Introduction to Petroleum Geology
Review of Composition of the Globe
Plate Tectonics
Geologic Time
Sedimentary Geology
Hydrocarbon Traps
Origin of Petroleum
Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum
Properties of Subsurface Fluids
Petroleum Fluids
Petroleum Chemistry
Petroleum Engineering
Problems
Chapter 3. Porosity and Permeability
Introduction
Porosity
Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity
Engineering Classification of Porosity
Geological Classification of Porosity
Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks
Fluid Saturation
Quantitative Use of Porosity
Permeability
Classification of Permeability
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability
Permeability–Porosity Relationships
Kozeny Correlation
Concept of Flow Units
Mathematical Theory of Flow Units
Specific Surface Area
Flow Unit Characterization Factors
Flow Units Functions
Reservoir Zonation Using Normalized RQI
Effect of Packing on Permeability
Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability
Permeability from NMR
Permeability from GR Logs
Permeability–Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks
Directional Permeability
Reservoir Heterogeneity
Distribution of Rock Properties
Permeability and Porosity Distributions
Permeability from Well Test Data
Statistical Zonation Technique
Problems
Chapter 4. Formation Resistivity, Water Saturation, and Well Logs
Formation Resistivity Factor
Water Resistivity Measurements
Correlation of FR with Porosity
Correlations of FR with Tortuosity
Correlations of FR with Cementation Factor m
Theoretical Formula for FR
Correlations of FR with Water Saturation
Correlations of FR with Permeability
Resistivity of Shaly Reservoir Rocks
Water-Saturation Models in Shaly Formations
Gamma-Ray Log
Flow Units in Shaly Formations
Core-based Evaluation of Shaly Formations
Cation Exchange Capacity
Porosity Logs
Interpretation of Core Data
Interpretation of Well-Log Data
Problems
Chapter 5. Capillary Pressure
Introduction
Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation
Capillary Rise
Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure
Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure
Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection
Pore-Size Distribution
Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir
Capillary Pressure J-Function
Capillary Number
Saturation Height Models (or SHM Functions)
Problems
Chapter 6. Wettability
Wettability
Interfacial Tension
Contact Angle
Sessile Drop Measurement of Contact Angles
Wilhelm Plate Measurement of Contact Angles
Surface Chemical Properties
Evaluation of Wettability
Spontaneous Imbibition Wettability Test
Fluid Displacement Energy
Water–Oil–Rock Interfacial Activity
Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery
Alteration of Wettability
Treatment of the Rock
Effects of Temperature and Pressure
Fractional Flow Equation
Problems
Chapter 7. Applications of Darcy's Law
Darcy's Law
Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids
Linear Flow of Gas
Darcy's and Poiseuille's Laws
Linear Flow Through Fractures and Channels
Flow Through Fractures
Flow Through Solution Channels
Radial Flow Systems
Steady-State Flow
Pseudosteady-State Flow
Skin Zone
Dimensionless Pressure
Radial Laminar Flow of Gas
Turbulent Flow of Gas
Linear Turbulent Flow
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Turbulent Radial Flow
Multiple-Permeability Rocks
Layered Reservoirs With Crossflow
Layered Reservoirs Without Crossflow
Composite Reservoirs
Linear Flow Systems
Radial Flow Systems
Mobility-Based Net-Pay Cutoff
Problems
Chapter 8. Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Introduction
Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks
Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures
Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Indicators of Natural Fractures
Visual Identification of Fractures
Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks
Fracture Porosity Determination
RQI, FZI, and m for Carbonates
Porosity Partitioning Coefficient
Fracture Intensity Index
Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems
Porosity and Permeability Relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores
Specific Area of Fractures
Effect of Fracture Shape
Hydraulic Radius of Fractures
Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures
Fracture Area
Fracture Storage Capacity
Fracture Conductivity
CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL FRACTURES WITH PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTS
Fracture Porosity and Permeability from Pressure Transient Tests
Fracture Corridors in Carbonates
Problems
Chapter 9. Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties
Static Stress–Strain Relation
Stress Analysis
Strain Analysis
Two-Dimensional Stress–Strain Systems
Rock Deformation
Hooke's Law
Stress–Strain Diagrams
The Mohr Diagram
Dynamic Elastic Properties
Dynamic Versus Static Modulus of Elasticity
Rock Strength and Hardness
Rock Hardness
Compressibility of Porous Rocks
Pore Compressibility
Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress
Formation (Pore) Compressibility Correlations
Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations
Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data
Effect of Stress on Core Data
Effect of Stress on Porosity
Effect of Stress on Permeability
Effect of Stress on Resistivity
Porosity–Permeability–Stress Relationship
Effect of Stress on Fracturing
Minimum and Maximum Horizontal Stress
Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Gradient
FG for Offshore Wells
Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Dimensions
In Situ Stress Distribution
Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure
Change in Stress Field due to Depletion and Repressurization
Stress Relationship at the Wellbore
Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells Overbalanced Conditions
Balanced and Underbalanced Conditions
Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells
Overbalanced Conditions
Underbalanced Conditions
Critical Pore Pressure
Example of a North Sea Reservoir
Stress Field and Reservoir Stress Paths
Analysis
Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production
Predicting Sand Production Rate
Example 11 - Field Case, Niger Delta
Pore Pressure in Complex Reservoirs
Conventional Pore Pressure Prediction Methods
Eaton Pore Pressure Equations
Bower Pore Pressure Equations
Zhang Pore Pressure Equations
Pore Pressure Equation for Overpressured Carbonates
Problems
Additional Sample Data
Chapter 10. Fluid–Rock Interactions
Introduction
Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability
Nature of Permeability Damage
Origin of Permeability Damage
Types of Permeability Damage
Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability
Types and Sizes of Fines
Fines Migration
Chemical Damage
Mechanical Damage
Migration of Foreign Solids
Critical Velocity Concept
Entrainment and Surface Deposition
Entrainment and Plugging
Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms
Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids
Permeability Damage from Formation Fines
Effect of Water Quality on Permeability
External Filter-Cake Buildup
Internal Filter-Cake Buildup
Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations
Impairment from Wellbore Fill-Up
Membrane Filtration Tests
Core Filtration Tests
External Filter-Cake Formation
Internal Filter-Cake Formation
Impact of Chemically Induced Formation Damage on Shale Rock Mechanical Properties
Formation Damage Caused by Steam Injection
CO2, Water, and Mineral Reactions
Problems
Chapter 11. Unconventional Reservoirs: Shale Gas
Unconventional Hydrocarbon Generation
Kerogen and TOC
Rock Evaluation Pyrolysis
Vitrinite Reflectance (RV)
Petrophysical Evaluation
Lom and Vitrinite Reflectance from ΔlogR
Total Porosity
Kerogen Density
Hydrocarbon Saturation: Organic-Porosity Model
Porosity and TOC from NMR Measurements
Water Saturation from VP/VS
TOC from Empirical Correlations
Total Gas in Place from NMR
Total Gas in Place: Two-Volume Model
Total Gas in Place: Three-Volume Model
Gas in Place from Semi-analytical Model
Original Gas in Place (OGIP) From Static Mbe
MBE of Dual Porosity SRV
MBE: Impact of Adsorbed Gas on Free Gas
OGIP: Langmuir and Bet Isotherms
Brittleness Index
Fracability Index
Problems
Chapter 12. Unconventional Reservoirs: Shale Oil
Shale Oil Resources
Shale Oil Generation
Shale Oil Characteristics
Oil in Place in Shale-Oil Reservoirs
OSI, CSI, and RPI
Original Oil in Place From Conventional MBE
MBE for Stimulated NFR
Petrophysical Evaluation of Shale Oil
Shale Oil Porosity
Total Porosity and Water Saturation
Productivity of Shale-Oil and Shale-Gas Wells
Forecasting Production Performance
Problems
Chapter 13. Sources of Permeability of Tight and Unconventional Reservoirs
Permeability from Laboratories
Permeability from NMR
Problem
Appendix A. Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties
Appendix B. Computer Programs
Index

Djebbar Tiab

Djebbar Tiab is Professor Emeritus at the University of Oklahoma, where he served as Professor of petroleum engineering from 1977 - 2014. His B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. are in petroleum engineering. He is GM and Owner of UPTEC (United Petroleum Technology LLC), a training and consulting company. He has taught graduate petroleum engineering courses at the African University of Science and Technology since 2008. Before joining the University of Oklahoma, he was a Research Associate and Assistant Professor at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Djebbar worked in Algerian oil fields for Alcore S.A. as well as for Core Laboratories and Western Atlas as Senior Reservoir Engineer Advisor. Dr. Tiab has taught courses on reservoir engineering, production, well test analysis and reservoir characterization, and authored/co-authored over 260 technical papers on pressure transient analysis, dynamic flow analysis, petrophysics, natural gas engineering, reservoir characterization, reservoir engineering, and injection processes.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant and Senior Professor of Petroleum Engineering, University of Oklahoma

Erle C. Donaldson

Erle C. Donaldson began his career as a pilot plant project manager for Signal Oil and Gas Research in Houston, Texas. Later he joined the U.S. Bureau of Mines Petroleum Research Center in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, as a project manager of subsurface disposal and industrial wastes and reservoir characterization; when the laboratory was transferred to the U.S. Department of Energy, Dr. Donaldson continued as chief of petroleum reservoir characterization. When the laboratory shifted to private industry for operations, he joined the faculty of the School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering at the University of Oklahoma as associate professor. Since retiring from the university in 1990, he has consulted for various oil companies, universities, and U.S. agencies including: the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Navy Ordinance Center, King Fahd Research Institute of Saudi Arabia, and companies in the U.S., Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Thailand.

Affiliations and expertise

Independent Engineering Consultant, Tetrahedron, Inc.