Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics

3rd Edition, Volume 72 - December 8, 2021
Authors: Erling Fjær, Rune Martin Holt, Per Horsrud, Arne Marius Raaen
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 1 9 5 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 1 9 6 - 9

Engineers and geologists in the petroleum industry will find Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, Third Edition, to be a powerful resource in providing a basis for rock mechanica… Read more

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Engineers and geologists in the petroleum industry will find Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, Third Edition, to be a powerful resource in providing a basis for rock mechanical knowledge, which can greatly assist in the understanding of field behavior, design of test programs, and the design of field operations. Not only does this text provide specific applications of rock mechanics used within the petroleum industry, it has a strong focus on basics like drilling, production, and reservoir engineering. Assessment of rock mechanical parameters is covered in depth, as is acoustic wave propagation in rocks, with possible link to 4D seismic as well as log interpretation.

Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, Third Edition, is updated to include new topics such as formation barriers around cased wells, finite element analysis, multicomponent models, acoustic emissions and elliptical holes. It also includes updated and expanded coverage of shale reservoirs, hydraulic fracturing, and carbon capture and sequestration.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Biography
Foreword to the 1992 edition
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the 1992 edition
Chapter 1: Elasticity
Abstract
1.1. Stress
1.2. Strain
1.3. Elastic moduli
1.4. Strain energy
1.5. Thermoelasticity
1.6. Poroelasticity
1.7. Anisotropy
1.8. Nonlinear elasticity
1.9. Time-dependent effects
1.10. Further reading
References
Chapter 2: Failure mechanics
Abstract
2.1. Basic concepts
2.2. Tensile failure
2.3. Shear failure
2.4. Compaction failure
2.5. Failure criteria in three dimensions
2.6. Fluid effects
2.7. Presentation and interpretation of data from failure tests
2.8. Beyond the yield point
2.9. Failure of anisotropic and fractured rocks
2.10. Stress history effects
References
Chapter 3: Geological aspects of petroleum related rock mechanics
Abstract
3.1. Underground stresses
3.2. Pore pressure
3.3. Sedimentological aspects
3.4. Mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks
References
Chapter 4: Stresses around boreholes. Borehole failure criteria
Abstract
4.1. Stresses and strains in cylindrical coordinates
4.2. Stresses in a hollow cylinder
4.3. Elastic stresses around circular wells—the general solution
4.4. Poroelastic time-dependent effects
4.5. Borehole failure criteria
4.6. Elliptical borehole
4.7. Borehole in an anisotropic formation
4.8. Beyond failure initiation
4.9. Cased borehole
4.10. Spherical coordinates
References
Chapter 5: Elastic wave propagation in rocks
Abstract
5.1. The wave equation
5.2. P- and S-waves
5.3. Elastic waves in porous materials
5.4. Attenuation
5.5. Anisotropy
5.6. Rock mechanics and rock acoustics
5.7. Reflections and refractions
5.8. Borehole acoustics
5.9. Seismics
5.10. Acoustic emission
References
Chapter 6: Rock models
Abstract
6.1. Layered media
6.2. Models involving porosity only
6.3. Grain pack models
6.4. Models for cracks and other inclusions
6.5. Multicomponent models
6.6. Fractured rocks
6.7. Finite element analysis
References
Chapter 7: Mechanical properties and stress data from laboratory analysis
Abstract
7.1. Core samples for rock mechanical laboratory analysis
7.2. Laboratory equipment
7.3. Laboratory tests for rock mechanical property determination
7.4. Laboratory tests for stress determination
7.5. Index tests and other characterisation tests
References
Chapter 8: Mechanical properties and in situ stresses from field data
Abstract
8.1. Estimation of elastic parameters
8.2. Estimation of strength parameters
8.3. Estimation of in situ stresses
References
Chapter 9: Stability during and after drilling
Abstract
9.1. Unstable boreholes: symptoms, reasons and consequences
9.2. Rock mechanics analysis of borehole stability
9.3. Time-delayed borehole failure
9.4. Interaction between shale and drilling fluid
9.5. Borehole stability analysis for well design: incorporating effects of nonlinear elasticity, plasticity and rock anisotropy
9.6. Use of pressure gradients
9.7. Beyond simple stability analysis
9.8. Stability issues in different lithologies
9.9. Drilling in depleted reservoirs
9.10. Shale as a barrier
References
Chapter 10: Solids production
Abstract
10.1. Operational aspects of solids production
10.2. Sand
10.3. Chalk
References
Chapter 11: Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing
Abstract
11.1. Conditions for tensile failure
11.2. Fracture initiation and formation breakdown
11.3. Fracture orientation, growth and confinement
11.4. Fracture size and shape
11.5. Fracture closure
11.6. Thermal effects on hydraulic fracturing
11.7. Fracturing in unconventional reservoirs
11.8. Microseismic monitoring of fracturing
References
Chapter 12: Reservoir geomechanics
Abstract
12.1. Compaction and subsidence
12.2. Modelling of reservoir compaction
12.3. From compaction to subsidence
12.4. Geomechanical effects on reservoir performance
12.5. Well problems and reservoir geomechanics
12.6. Some field cases: subsidence and induced seismicity
References
Appendix A: Rock properties
Abstract
References
Appendix B: SI metric conversion factors
Abstract
Appendix C: Mathematical background
Abstract
C.1. Introduction
C.2. Matrices
C.3. Vectors and coordinate transforms
C.4. Tensors and coordinate transforms
C.5. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and diagonalisation
C.6. Rotation of the coordinate system: the Euler angles
C.7. Examples
C.8. Matrix invariants
C.9. Some trigonometric formulas
C.10. The Voigt notation spelled out
C.11. Elastic stability
C.12. The Einstein summing convention and other notation conventions
References
Appendix D: Some relevant formulas
Abstract
D.1. Elasticity
D.2. Elastic wave propagation in rocks
D.3. Rock models
D.4. Solids production
D.5. Subsidence
D.6. Permeability of tubes
D.7. Vector operators in cylindrical coordinates
References
Appendix E: Abbreviations
Appendix F: List of symbols
Index

Erling Fjær

Erling Fjær has been working at SINTEF Petroleum (formerly IKU Petroleum Research) since 1985, on topics related to rock mechanics and rock acoustics, with applications including borehole stability, sand production, seismic monitoring and logging of mechanical properties. His current position is Chief Scientist. He also holds a part time position as Adjunct Professor in geoscience and petroleum at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. He has a PhD in physics from the same university.

Affiliations and expertise

SINTEF Petroleum Research and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Rune Martin Holt

Rune Martin Holt is Professor at NTNU (Department of Geoscience and Petroleum) and Special Advisor to SINTEF, both in Trondheim, Norway. He holds a PhD in solid state physics from NTNU in 1980. His main area of competence is rock mechanics and rock physics applied to petroleum geoscience and engineering. The work is based on experimental, analytical, and numerical modelling. Focused areas have been shale studies related to overburden characterization for improved interpretation of time-lapse seismic as well as to aspects of borehole stability for drilling and well completion. Further work has been devoted to quantification of coring induced rock damage, both through laboratory experiments with synthetic rocks formed under stress and discrete particle numerical modelling.

Affiliations and expertise

Norwegian University of Science and Technology and SINTEF Petroleum Research, Trondheim, Norway

Per Horsrud

Per Horsrud is currently Specialist in Drilling & Well Technology (Rock Mechanics) for Equinor ASA (previously Statoil ASA), located in Trondheim, Norway. He has been with Equinor since 1998. He holds an MS degree in Physics from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim (1977). He has previously held various positions with Rogaland Research Institute, Continental Shelf Institute (IKU), RockMech AS, and SINTEF Petroleum Research.

Affiliations and expertise

Specialist in Drilling and Well Technology (Rock Mechanics) for Equinor ASA (previously Statoil ASA), Trondheim, Norway

Arne Marius Raaen

Arne Marius Raaen has a Ph.D. (1983) in solid state physics, specializing in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. He worked at SINTEF from 1984, mainly with rock acoustics and rock mechanics. From 1991 to 2016 he held positions at various offices in Statoil. In Statoil, the main activity was in rock mechanics and related fields, including water injection, and prediction and stress measurements. He has offshore experience from a period as a production engineer, and from offshore supervision of several stress measurement tests. He is presently with SINTEF, in Trondheim, Norway.

Affiliations and expertise

IKU, Trondheim, Norway

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Erling Fjær

Rune Martin Holt

Per Horsrud

Arne Marius Raaen