Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids

Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids is a comprehensive manual that provides end users with information about oil field chemicals, such as drilling muds, corrosion and scale inhibitors, gelling agents and bacterial control. This book is an extension and update of Oil Field Chemicals published in 2003, and it presents a compilation of materials from literature and patents, arranged according to applications and the way a typical job is practiced. The text is composed of 23 chapters that cover oil field chemicals arranged according to their use. Each chapter follows a uniform template, starting with a brief overview of the chemical followed by reviews, monomers, polymerization, and fabrication. The different aspects of application, including safety and environmental impacts, for each chemical are also discussed throughout the chapters. The text also includes handy indices for trade names, acronyms and chemicals. Petroleum, production, drilling, completion, and operations engineers and managers will find this book invaluable for project management and production. Non-experts and students in petroleum engineering will also find this reference useful.

Preface1. Drilling Muds Classification of Muds Dispersed Noninhibited Systems Phosphate-treated Muds Lignite Muds Quebracho Muds Lignosulfonate Muds Lime Muds Sea Water Muds Nondispersed Noninhibited Systems Low-solids Fresh Water Muds Variable Density Fluids Gas-based Muds Drill-in Fluids Mud Compositions Inhibitive Water-based Muds Water-based Muds Oil-based Drilling Muds Synthetic Muds Inverted Emulsion Drilling Muds Foam Drilling Chemically Enhanced Drilling Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Drilling Additives Thickeners Lubricants Bacteria Corrosion Inhibitors Viscosity Control Clay Stabilization Formation Damage Shale Stabilizer Fluid Loss Additives Scavengers Surfactants Hydrate Inhibitors Weighting Materials Organoclay Compositions Miscellaneous Multicomponent Additives Cleaning Operations Cuttings Removal Junk Removal Filter Cake Removal Drilling Fluid Disposal Toxicity Conversion Into Cements Environmental Regulations Characterization of Drilling Muds Viscosity API Filtration Alkalinity and pH Total Hardness Roller Oven References Tradenames2. Fluid Loss Additives Mechanism of Action of Fluid Loss Agents Action of Macroscopic Particles Action of Cement Fluid Loss Additives Testing of Fluid Loss Additives Formation Damage Reversible Gels Bacteria Inorganic Additives Bentonite Sodium Metasilicate Ultra-fine Filtrate-Reducing Agents Bridging Agents for Fluid Loss Control Organic Additives Tall Oil Pitch Mercaptans for Iron Control Polysaccharides Cellulose-based Fluid Loss Additives Starch Borate Crosslinkers Guar Succinoglycan Polyether-modified Polysaccharides Scleroglucan Gellan Humic Acid Derivates Oil-based Well Working Fluids Lignosulfonates Synthetic Polymers Polyorthoesters Polyhydroxyacetic Acid Polydrill Latex Polyvinyl Alcohol Polyethyleneimine Acrylics Silicones Phthalimide as a Diverting Material Special Applications References Tradenames3. Clay Stabilization Properties of Clays Swelling of Clays Montmorillonite Guidelines Mechanisms Causing Instability Kinetics of the Swelling of Clays Hydrational Stress Borehole Stability Model Shale Inhibition with Water-based Muds Inhibiting Reactive Argillaceous Formations Thermal Treatment to Increase the Permeability Formation Damage by Fluids Formation Damage in Gas Production Shut-in Swelling Inhibitors Salts Quaternary Ammonium Salts Potassium Formate Saccharide Derivatives Sulfonated Asphalt Grafted Copolymers Polyoxyalkylene Amines Anionic Polymers Amine Salts of Maleic Imide Comparative Study Test Methods Shale Erosion Test Hassler Cell References Tradenames4. Lubricants Synthetic Greases Base Fluids Extreme Pressure Agents Anti-seize Agents Anti-wear Additives Metal Deactivators Solubility Aids Antioxidants Base stocks Lubricant Compositions Molybdenum disulfide Polarized Graphite Ellipsoidal Glass Granules Calcium-Sulfonate-based Greases Paraffins Olefins Phospholipids Alcohols Ethers Esters Polymers Starch Amides Special Issues Side Reactions Silicate-Based Muds Studies on Pipe Sticking Differential Sticking Reducer References Tradenames5. Bacterial Control Mechanisms of Growth Growth of Bacteria Supported by Oil Field Chemicals Mathematical Models Detection of Bacteria Sulfate-reducing Bacteria Bacterial Corrosion Mechanisms of Microbial Corrosion Corrosion Monitoring Assessment of the Activity of Biocides Synergistic Action of Biocides Treatments with Biocides Previously Fractured Formations Intermittent Addition of Biocide Nonbiocidal Control Biocides Various Biocides References Tradenames6. Corrosion Inhibitors Classification of Corrosion Inhibitors Fields of Application Acidization Oil Storage Tanks Pipelines Production Wells Scale Removal Treatments Using Acids Application Techniques Batch Versus Continuous Application Emulsions Application in Solid Form Characterization Dye Transfer Method Liquid Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Corrosion Tests Side Effects Stabilizer for Emulsions Antisynergism with Alcohols Synergism with Surfactants Interactions with Kinetic Gas Hydrate Inhibitors Effect of Flow on Inhibitor Film Life Inhibitor Chemicals Amides and Imidazolines Salts of Nitrogenous Bases Nitrogen Quaternaries Polyoxylated Amines, Amides, and Imidazolines Mercaptan Modified Products Nitrogen Heterocyclics Carbonyl Compounds Silicate-based Inhibitors Thioacetals Miscellaneous Inhibitors Antimony Halides Aldol-amine Adducts Encapsulated Types Anti-biofoulant Corrosion inhibitors Formic Acid Free Formulation Intensifiers References Tradenames7. Scale Inhibitors Classification and Mechanism Thermodynamic Inhibitors Kinetic Inhibitors Adherence Inhibitors Mathematical Models Optimal Dose Precipitation Squeeze Method Inhibitor Chemicals Water-soluble Inhibitors Oil-soluble Scale Inhibitors Inhibitors for Special Tasks Characterization Spectroscopic Methods Turbidimetry Static Bottle Test References Tradenames8. Gelling Agents Placing Gels Basic Mechanisms of Gelling Agents Polymer–Crosslinker–Retarder Systems Gelling in Oil-based Systems Aluminum Phosphate Ester Salts Less Volatile Phosphoric Acid Esters Aluminum Trichloride Biopolymers Organic Polysilicate Ester Latex Gelling in Water-based Systems Xanthan Gum Carboxymethyl Cellulose Polyacrylamide-based Formulations Polyacrylic Acid Alkali-Silicate Aminoplast Compositions In Situ Formed Polymers Epoxide Resins Urea-formaldehyde Resins Vinyl Monomers References Tradenames9. Filter Cake Removal Bridging Agents Degradable Bridging Agents Dissolvable Bridging Agents Degradation by Acids Citric Acid Acetic Acid Acid Generating Coatings Acidic Foam Orthoesters Enzymatic Degradation Peroxides Hydrogen Peroxide Metal Peroxides Magnesium Peroxide in Filter Cake Degradation by Oligosaccharides Breaking by Emulsions Surfactant Nanotechnology Special Issues Manganese tetroxide Multiply Active Compositions Self-destructing Filter Cake Oscillatory Flow References10. Cement Additives Cementing Technologies Primary Cementing Secondary Cementing Squeeze Cementing Plug Cementing Basic Composition of Portland Cement Manufacturing Active Components in Cements Chemistry of Setting Standardization of Cements Mixing with Additives Important Properties of Cement Slurries and Set Cement Special Cement Types Resin Cement Oil-based Cement High-temperature Cement Low-temperature Cement High-alumina Cement Magnesian Cement Fiber Cement Acid Gas Resistant Cement Permeable Cement Salt-water Stable Latex Cement Settable Drilling Fluids Classification of Cement Additives Light-weight Cement Foam Cement Density-increasing or Weighting Agents Control of Thickening and Setting Time Viscosity Control Dispersants Expansion Additives Set Strength Enhancement Adhesion Improvement Fluid Loss Control Clay Control Additives Anti-gas-migration Agents Corrosion Inhibitors Other Chemical Attack Use of Waste from Other Industrial Branches References Tradenames11. Transport Pretreatment of the Products Pretreatment for Corrosion Prevention Natural Gas Sulfur Contamination of Refined Products Demulsifiers Heavy Crudes Corrosion Control Crude Oil Treatment Chemical Inhibition Coatings Paraffin Inhibitors Pour Point Depressants Drag Reducers Drag Reduction in Gas Transmission Lines Synergism with Paraffin Deposition Hydrate Control Additives for Slurry Transport Additives for Odorization Cleaning Gelled Pigs References12. Drag Reducers Operating Costs Mechanism of Drag Reduction Damping of Transmission of Eddies Viscoelastic Fluid Thread Polymer Degradation in Turbulent Flow Drag Reduction in Two-phase Flow Drag Reduction in Gas Flow Microfibrils Drag-reducing Surfactant Solutions Soapy Industrial Cleaner Lyophobic Performance of the Lining Material Interpolymer Complexes Drag-reducing Chemicals Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Copolymers of alpha-Olefins Latex Drag Reducers Polyether Compounds for Oil-based Well Drilling Fluids Tylose Microencapsulated Polymers Aluminum Carboxylate References13. Gas Hydrate Control Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrates Problems with Gas Hydrates in Petroleum Technology Nature of Inclusion Compounds Gas Hydrates Conditions for Formation Water Content Decomposition Stability Diagram Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Hammerschmidt Equation Formation and Properties of Gas Hydrates Two-Step Mechanism of Formation Nucleation Particle Sizes Clustering Before Nucleation Experimental Methods Modeling the Formation of Gas Hydrates Test Procedures for Inhibitors Screening Method High Pressure Sapphire Cell Circulating Loop Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation Drying Thermodynamic Inhibition with Additives Kinetic Inhibition Nucleation Inhibitors Crystal Growth Inhibitors Agglomeration Inhibitors Gas Hydrate Inhibitors with Corrosion Inhibition Recyclable Antifreeze Agents Hydrate Inhibitors for Drilling Fluids References Tradenames14. Antifreeze Agents Theory of Action Antifreeze Chemicals Heat Transfer Liquids Brines Alcohols Glycols Toxicity and Environmental Aspects Special Uses Hydraulic Cement Additives Pipeline Transportation of Aqueous Emulsions of Oil Low Temperature Drilling Fluids References15. Odorization General Aspects Limits of Explosion Desirable Properties of Odorants Measurement and Odor Monitoring Olfactoric Response Physiological Methods Chemical and Physical Methods Additives for Odorization Sulfur Compounds Other Compounds Industrial Synthesis of Odorants Uses and Properties Odorant Injection Techniques Leak Detection Fuel Cells Odor-fading Environmental Problems References Tradenames16. Enhanced Oil Recovery Waterflooding Surfactants Interphase Structure Interfacial Rheological Properties Microemulsion Phase Diagrams Interfacial Tension Imbibition Experiments Caustic Waterflooding Injection Strategies Foam-enhanced Caustic Waterflooding Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Flooding Interphase Properties Clay Dissolution Acid Flooding Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Emulsion Flooding Micellar Polymer Flooding Chemical Injection Ammonium Carbonate Hydrogen Peroxide Alcohol–Waterflooding Chemical Injection of Waste Gases Polymer Waterflooding Low-tension Polymer Flood Technique Influence of Viscosity on Ionic Strength Modified Acrylics Biopolymers Combination Flooding Low-tension Polymer Flood Effect of Alkaline Agents on the Retention Alkaline Steamflooding Sediment-forming Materials Water-alternating Gas Technology Hydrocarbon-assisted Steam Injection Foam Flooding Basic Principles of Foam Flooding Ambient Pressure Foam Tests Polymer-enhanced Foams Carbon Dioxide Flooding Steamflooding Carbon Dioxide Air Injection Chemical Reactions In Situ Combustion Special Techniques Viscous Oil Recovery Low-permeability Flooding Microbial-Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques Basic Principles and Methods Economics Strict Anaerobic Bacteria Ultramicrobacteria Scale Inhibitors as a Microbial Nutrient Interfacial Properties Tracers Thermal Stability of Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate Asphaltene Deposition Stabilizer Dispersant Reservoir Properties Reservoir Models Profile Control Formation Damage Wettability Flooding of Oil in Chalk Treatment of Produced Water Soil Remediation References17. Fracturing Fluids Stresses and Fractures Comparison of Stimulation Techniques Action of a Fracturing Fluid Stages in a Fracturing Job Types of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids Comparison of Different Techniques Expert Systems for Assessment Water-Based Systems Thickeners and Gelling Agents Concentrates Friction Reducers Fluid Loss Additives pH Control Additives Clay Stabilizers Biocides Surfactants Crosslinkers Gel Breaking in Water-based Systems Scale Inhibitors Oil-Based Systems Organic Gel Aluminum Phosphate Ester Increasing the Viscosity of Diesel Gel Breakers Foam-Based Fracturing Fluids Defoamers Fracturing in Coal-Beds Propping Agents Sand Ceramic Particles Bauxite Light-weight Proppants Porous Pack with Fibers Coated Proppants Anti-settling Additives Proppant Flowback Acid Fracturing Encapsulated Acids The In Situ Formation of Acids Fluid Loss Gel Breaker for Acid Fracturing Special Problems Corrosion Inhibitors The Problem of Iron Control in Fracturing Enhanced Temperature Stability Chemical Blowing Frost-resistant Formulation Formation Damage in Gas Wells Characterization of Fracturing Fluids Rheological Characterization Zirconium-based Crosslinking Agent Oxidative Gel Breaker Size Exclusion Chromatography Assessment of Proppants References Tradenames18. Water Shutoff Classification of Methods In Situ Polymerization Acrylic Gels Crosslinkers Special Applications Shear-Initiated Inversion of Emulsions Thermally Stable Gels Disproportionate Permeability Reduction Field Experience Silicate-based Agents Combined Polymer-Silicate Technology Gel-Foam Technique Resin Types Epoxide Resins Urea-Formaldehyde Resins Furan-Silicone Resins Cement with Additives Polymethyl Methacrylate Modified with Monoethanolamine Crude Light Pyridine Bases Granulated Fly Ash Phosphonic Acid Derivates Phosphonium Complexone Aerated Plugging Solution Compressed Foam Mixture Furfuramide Cellulosics and Polyacrylics Smectite Clays Plasticizers Water Glass Organosilicones Formaldehyde Resin Liquid Metal Alloy Bentonite Blast Furnace Slag Fiber Reinforcement Gels from Aluminum Hydroxychloride Organosilicones Non-Crosslinked Copolymers Anchoring Inorganic Colloids Water Swelling Additives Water-swelling Cellulose Hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile Guar Clays Wastes Waste Oil Sludge Aluminum Trichloride Antifoaming with Sulfite-waste Liquor Surfactants Polymeric Surfactants Viscoelastic Surfactant Solutions Tailoring the Hydrodynamic Volume Temperature-Sensitive Latex Particles References Tradenames19. Oil Spill Treating Agents History List of Major Oil Spills General Requirements Mechanisms Application Environmental Aspects Implementation Application Programs Tests Subsurface, Soil, and Ground Water In Situ Chemical Oxidation Ground Water Chemicals in Detail References20. Waste Disposal Drilling Fluids Bioremediation Assessment of Biodegradability Supercritical Fluid Extraction Cuttings Environmental Impact Modeling the Discharge Microwave Treatment Discharge in Cement Fillers in Bitumen Chromium Removal Injection Techniques Acid Gas Injection Storage of Carbon Dioxide Slurry Fracture Injection Technique Use as Sealants References Tradenames21. Dispersions, Emulsions, and Foams Dispersions Dispersants Emulsions Oil-in-water Emulsions – Invert Emulsions Water-in-water Emulsions Oil-in-water-in-oil Emulsions Microemulsions Solids-stabilized emulsion Biotreated Emulsion Shale Inhibition Transportation Acid-rich Oils Characterization of Emulsions Low Fluorescence Emulsifiers Foams Aphrons References Tradenames22. Defoamers Theory of Defoaming Stability of Foams Action of Defoamers Classification of Defoamers Active Ingredients Ancillary Agents Uses in Petroleum Technology Aqueous Fluid Systems Well Treatment and Cementation Plugging Agents Gas-Oil Separation Natural Gas Distillation and Petroleum Production Antimicrobial Antifoam Compositions References23. Demulsifiers Emulsions in Produced Crude Oil Waterflooding Oil Spill Treatment Desired Properties Mechanisms of Demulsification Stabilization of Water-oil Emulsions Interfacial Tension Relaxation Performance Testing Spreading Pressure Characterization by Dielectric Constant Shaker Test Methods Viscosity Measurements Screening Classification of Demulsifiers Common Precursor Chemicals Demulsifiers in Detail Polyoxyalkylenes Vinyl Polymers Polyamines Polyamides Phenolics Alkoxylated Fatty Oils Biodemulsifiers References Appendix 1: List of Tradenames Appendix 2: List of AcronymsIndex Chemical Index Subject Index

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Johannes Fink