Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids

Preface1. Drilling Muds    Classification of Muds    Dispersed Noninhibited Systems    Phosphate-treated Muds    Lignite Muds    Quebracho Muds    Lignosulfonate Muds    Lime Muds    Sea Water Muds    Nondispersed Noninhibited Systems    Low-solids Fresh Water Muds    Variable Density Fluids    Gas-based Muds    Drill-in Fluids    Mud Compositions    Inhibitive Water-based Muds    Water-based Muds    Oil-based Drilling Muds    Synthetic Muds    Inverted Emulsion Drilling Muds    Foam Drilling    Chemically Enhanced Drilling    Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Drilling    Additives    Thickeners    Lubricants    Bacteria    Corrosion Inhibitors    Viscosity Control    Clay Stabilization    Formation Damage    Shale Stabilizer    Fluid Loss Additives    Scavengers    Surfactants    Hydrate Inhibitors    Weighting Materials    Organoclay Compositions    Miscellaneous    Multicomponent Additives    Cleaning Operations    Cuttings Removal    Junk Removal    Filter Cake Removal    Drilling Fluid Disposal    Toxicity    Conversion Into Cements    Environmental Regulations    Characterization of Drilling Muds    Viscosity    API Filtration    Alkalinity and pH    Total Hardness    Roller Oven    References    Tradenames2. Fluid Loss Additives    Mechanism of Action of Fluid Loss Agents    Action of Macroscopic Particles    Action of Cement Fluid Loss Additives    Testing of Fluid Loss Additives    Formation Damage    Reversible Gels    Bacteria    Inorganic Additives    Bentonite    Sodium Metasilicate    Ultra-fine Filtrate-Reducing Agents    Bridging Agents for Fluid Loss Control    Organic Additives    Tall Oil Pitch    Mercaptans for Iron Control    Polysaccharides    Cellulose-based Fluid Loss Additives    Starch    Borate Crosslinkers    Guar    Succinoglycan    Polyether-modified Polysaccharides    Scleroglucan    Gellan    Humic Acid Derivates    Oil-based Well Working Fluids    Lignosulfonates    Synthetic Polymers    Polyorthoesters    Polyhydroxyacetic Acid    Polydrill    Latex    Polyvinyl Alcohol    Polyethyleneimine    Acrylics    Silicones    Phthalimide as a Diverting Material    Special Applications    References    Tradenames3. Clay Stabilization    Properties of Clays    Swelling of Clays    Montmorillonite    Guidelines    Mechanisms Causing Instability     Kinetics of the Swelling of Clays    Hydrational Stress    Borehole Stability Model    Shale Inhibition with Water-based Muds    Inhibiting Reactive Argillaceous Formations    Thermal Treatment to Increase the Permeability    Formation Damage by Fluids    Formation Damage in Gas Production Shut-in    Swelling Inhibitors    Salts    Quaternary Ammonium Salts    Potassium Formate    Saccharide Derivatives    Sulfonated Asphalt    Grafted Copolymers    Polyoxyalkylene Amines    Anionic Polymers    Amine Salts of Maleic Imide    Comparative Study    Test Methods    Shale Erosion Test    Hassler Cell    References    Tradenames4. Lubricants    Synthetic Greases    Base Fluids    Extreme Pressure Agents    Anti-seize Agents    Anti-wear Additives    Metal Deactivators    Solubility Aids    Antioxidants    Base stocks    Lubricant Compositions    Molybdenum disulfide    Polarized Graphite    Ellipsoidal Glass Granules    Calcium-Sulfonate-based Greases    Paraffins    Olefins    Phospholipids    Alcohols    Ethers    Esters    Polymers    Starch    Amides    Special Issues    Side Reactions    Silicate-Based Muds    Studies on Pipe Sticking    Differential Sticking Reducer    References    Tradenames5. Bacterial Control    Mechanisms of Growth    Growth of Bacteria Supported by Oil Field Chemicals    Mathematical Models    Detection of Bacteria    Sulfate-reducing Bacteria   Bacterial Corrosion    Mechanisms of Microbial Corrosion    Corrosion Monitoring    Assessment of the Activity of Biocides    Synergistic Action of Biocides    Treatments with Biocides    Previously Fractured Formations    Intermittent Addition of Biocide    Nonbiocidal Control    Biocides    Various Biocides    References    Tradenames6. Corrosion Inhibitors    Classification of Corrosion Inhibitors    Fields of Application    Acidization    Oil Storage Tanks    Pipelines    Production Wells    Scale Removal Treatments Using Acids    Application Techniques    Batch Versus Continuous Application    Emulsions    Application in Solid Form    Characterization    Dye Transfer Method    Liquid Chromatography    Thin Layer Chromatography    Ultraviolet Spectroscopy    Corrosion Tests    Side Effects    Stabilizer for Emulsions    Antisynergism with Alcohols    Synergism with Surfactants    Interactions with Kinetic Gas Hydrate Inhibitors    Effect of Flow on Inhibitor Film Life    Inhibitor Chemicals    Amides and Imidazolines    Salts of Nitrogenous Bases    Nitrogen Quaternaries    Polyoxylated Amines, Amides, and Imidazolines    Mercaptan Modified Products    Nitrogen Heterocyclics    Carbonyl Compounds    Silicate-based Inhibitors    Thioacetals    Miscellaneous Inhibitors    Antimony Halides    Aldol-amine Adducts    Encapsulated Types    Anti-biofoulant Corrosion inhibitors    Formic Acid Free Formulation    Intensifiers    References    Tradenames7. Scale Inhibitors    Classification and Mechanism    Thermodynamic Inhibitors    Kinetic Inhibitors    Adherence Inhibitors    Mathematical Models    Optimal Dose    Precipitation Squeeze Method    Inhibitor Chemicals    Water-soluble Inhibitors    Oil-soluble Scale Inhibitors    Inhibitors for Special Tasks    Characterization    Spectroscopic Methods    Turbidimetry    Static Bottle Test    References    Tradenames8. Gelling Agents    Placing Gels    Basic Mechanisms of Gelling Agents    Polymer–Crosslinker–Retarder Systems    Gelling in Oil-based Systems    Aluminum Phosphate Ester Salts    Less Volatile Phosphoric Acid Esters    Aluminum Trichloride    Biopolymers    Organic Polysilicate Ester    Latex    Gelling in Water-based Systems    Xanthan Gum    Carboxymethyl Cellulose    Polyacrylamide-based Formulations    Polyacrylic Acid    Alkali-Silicate Aminoplast Compositions    In Situ Formed Polymers    Epoxide Resins    Urea-formaldehyde Resins    Vinyl Monomers    References    Tradenames9. Filter Cake Removal    Bridging Agents    Degradable Bridging Agents    Dissolvable Bridging Agents    Degradation by Acids    Citric Acid    Acetic Acid    Acid Generating Coatings    Acidic Foam    Orthoesters    Enzymatic Degradation    Peroxides    Hydrogen Peroxide    Metal Peroxides    Magnesium Peroxide in Filter Cake    Degradation by Oligosaccharides    Breaking by Emulsions    Surfactant Nanotechnology    Special Issues    Manganese tetroxide    Multiply Active Compositions    Self-destructing Filter Cake    Oscillatory Flow    References10. Cement Additives    Cementing Technologies    Primary Cementing    Secondary Cementing    Squeeze Cementing    Plug Cementing    Basic Composition of Portland Cement    Manufacturing    Active Components in Cements    Chemistry of Setting    Standardization of Cements    Mixing with Additives    Important Properties of Cement Slurries and Set Cement    Special Cement Types    Resin Cement    Oil-based Cement    High-temperature Cement    Low-temperature Cement    High-alumina Cement    Magnesian Cement    Fiber Cement    Acid Gas Resistant Cement    Permeable Cement    Salt-water Stable Latex Cement    Settable Drilling Fluids    Classification of Cement Additives    Light-weight Cement    Foam Cement    Density-increasing or Weighting Agents    Control of Thickening and Setting Time    Viscosity Control    Dispersants    Expansion Additives    Set Strength Enhancement    Adhesion Improvement    Fluid Loss Control    Clay Control Additives    Anti-gas-migration Agents    Corrosion Inhibitors    Other Chemical Attack    Use of Waste from Other Industrial Branches    References    Tradenames11. Transport    Pretreatment of the Products    Pretreatment for Corrosion Prevention    Natural Gas    Sulfur Contamination of Refined Products    Demulsifiers    Heavy Crudes    Corrosion Control    Crude Oil Treatment    Chemical Inhibition    Coatings    Paraffin Inhibitors    Pour Point Depressants    Drag Reducers    Drag Reduction in Gas Transmission Lines    Synergism with Paraffin Deposition    Hydrate Control    Additives for Slurry Transport    Additives for Odorization    Cleaning    Gelled Pigs    References12. Drag Reducers    Operating Costs    Mechanism of Drag Reduction    Damping of Transmission of Eddies    Viscoelastic Fluid Thread    Polymer Degradation in Turbulent Flow    Drag Reduction in Two-phase Flow    Drag Reduction in Gas Flow    Microfibrils    Drag-reducing Surfactant Solutions    Soapy Industrial Cleaner    Lyophobic Performance of the Lining Material    Interpolymer Complexes    Drag-reducing Chemicals    Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene    Copolymers of alpha-Olefins    Latex Drag Reducers    Polyether Compounds for Oil-based Well Drilling Fluids    Tylose    Microencapsulated Polymers    Aluminum Carboxylate    References13. Gas Hydrate Control    Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrates    Problems with Gas Hydrates in Petroleum Technology    Nature of Inclusion Compounds    Gas Hydrates    Conditions for Formation    Water Content    Decomposition    Stability Diagram    Clausius-Clapeyron Equation    Hammerschmidt Equation    Formation and Properties of Gas Hydrates    Two-Step Mechanism of Formation    Nucleation Particle Sizes    Clustering Before Nucleation    Experimental Methods    Modeling the Formation of Gas Hydrates    Test Procedures for Inhibitors    Screening Method    High Pressure Sapphire Cell    Circulating Loop    Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation    Drying    Thermodynamic Inhibition with Additives    Kinetic Inhibition    Nucleation Inhibitors    Crystal Growth Inhibitors    Agglomeration Inhibitors    Gas Hydrate Inhibitors with Corrosion Inhibition    Recyclable Antifreeze Agents    Hydrate Inhibitors for Drilling Fluids    References    Tradenames14. Antifreeze Agents    Theory of Action    Antifreeze Chemicals    Heat Transfer Liquids    Brines    Alcohols    Glycols    Toxicity and Environmental Aspects    Special Uses    Hydraulic Cement Additives    Pipeline Transportation of Aqueous Emulsions of Oil    Low Temperature Drilling Fluids    References15. Odorization    General Aspects    Limits of Explosion    Desirable Properties of Odorants    Measurement and Odor Monitoring    Olfactoric Response    Physiological Methods    Chemical and Physical Methods    Additives for Odorization    Sulfur Compounds    Other Compounds    Industrial Synthesis of Odorants    Uses and Properties    Odorant Injection Techniques    Leak Detection    Fuel Cells    Odor-fading    Environmental Problems    References    Tradenames16. Enhanced Oil Recovery    Waterflooding    Surfactants    Interphase Structure    Interfacial Rheological Properties    Microemulsion Phase Diagrams    Interfacial Tension    Imbibition Experiments    Caustic Waterflooding    Injection Strategies    Foam-enhanced Caustic Waterflooding    Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Flooding    Interphase Properties    Clay Dissolution    Acid Flooding    Hydrochloric Acid    Sulfuric Acid    Emulsion Flooding    Micellar Polymer Flooding    Chemical Injection    Ammonium Carbonate    Hydrogen Peroxide    Alcohol–Waterflooding    Chemical Injection of Waste Gases    Polymer Waterflooding    Low-tension Polymer Flood Technique    Influence of Viscosity on Ionic Strength    Modified Acrylics    Biopolymers    Combination Flooding    Low-tension Polymer Flood    Effect of Alkaline Agents on the Retention    Alkaline Steamflooding    Sediment-forming Materials    Water-alternating Gas Technology    Hydrocarbon-assisted Steam Injection    Foam Flooding    Basic Principles of Foam Flooding    Ambient Pressure Foam Tests    Polymer-enhanced Foams    Carbon Dioxide Flooding    Steamflooding    Carbon Dioxide    Air Injection    Chemical Reactions    In Situ Combustion    Special Techniques    Viscous Oil Recovery    Low-permeability Flooding    Microbial-Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques    Basic Principles and Methods    Economics    Strict Anaerobic Bacteria    Ultramicrobacteria    Scale Inhibitors as a Microbial Nutrient    Interfacial Properties    Tracers    Thermal Stability of Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate    Asphaltene Deposition    Stabilizer Dispersant    Reservoir Properties    Reservoir Models    Profile Control    Formation Damage    Wettability    Flooding of Oil in Chalk    Treatment of Produced Water    Soil Remediation    References17. Fracturing Fluids    Stresses and Fractures    Comparison of Stimulation Techniques    Action of a Fracturing Fluid    Stages in a Fracturing Job    Types of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids    Comparison of Different Techniques    Expert Systems for Assessment    Water-Based Systems    Thickeners and Gelling Agents    Concentrates    Friction Reducers    Fluid Loss Additives    pH Control Additives    Clay Stabilizers    Biocides    Surfactants    Crosslinkers    Gel Breaking in Water-based Systems    Scale Inhibitors    Oil-Based Systems    Organic Gel Aluminum Phosphate Ester    Increasing the Viscosity of Diesel    Gel Breakers    Foam-Based Fracturing Fluids    Defoamers    Fracturing in Coal-Beds    Propping Agents    Sand    Ceramic Particles    Bauxite    Light-weight Proppants    Porous Pack with Fibers    Coated Proppants    Anti-settling Additives    Proppant Flowback    Acid Fracturing    Encapsulated Acids    The In Situ Formation of Acids    Fluid Loss    Gel Breaker for Acid Fracturing    Special Problems    Corrosion Inhibitors    The Problem of Iron Control in Fracturing    Enhanced Temperature Stability    Chemical Blowing    Frost-resistant Formulation    Formation Damage in Gas Wells    Characterization of Fracturing Fluids    Rheological Characterization    Zirconium-based Crosslinking Agent    Oxidative Gel Breaker    Size Exclusion Chromatography    Assessment of Proppants    References    Tradenames18. Water Shutoff    Classification of Methods    In Situ Polymerization    Acrylic Gels    Crosslinkers    Special Applications    Shear-Initiated Inversion of Emulsions    Thermally Stable Gels    Disproportionate Permeability Reduction    Field Experience    Silicate-based Agents    Combined Polymer-Silicate Technology    Gel-Foam Technique    Resin Types    Epoxide Resins    Urea-Formaldehyde Resins    Furan-Silicone Resins    Cement with Additives    Polymethyl Methacrylate Modified with Monoethanolamine    Crude Light Pyridine Bases    Granulated Fly Ash    Phosphonic Acid Derivates    Phosphonium Complexone    Aerated Plugging Solution    Compressed Foam Mixture    Furfuramide    Cellulosics and Polyacrylics    Smectite Clays    Plasticizers    Water Glass    Organosilicones    Formaldehyde Resin    Liquid Metal Alloy    Bentonite    Blast Furnace Slag    Fiber Reinforcement    Gels from Aluminum Hydroxychloride    Organosilicones    Non-Crosslinked Copolymers    Anchoring    Inorganic Colloids    Water Swelling Additives    Water-swelling Cellulose    Hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile    Guar    Clays    Wastes    Waste Oil Sludge    Aluminum Trichloride    Antifoaming with Sulfite-waste Liquor    Surfactants    Polymeric Surfactants    Viscoelastic Surfactant Solutions    Tailoring the Hydrodynamic Volume    Temperature-Sensitive Latex Particles    References    Tradenames19. Oil Spill Treating Agents    History    List of Major Oil Spills    General Requirements    Mechanisms    Application    Environmental Aspects    Implementation Application Programs    Tests    Subsurface, Soil, and Ground Water    In Situ Chemical Oxidation    Ground Water    Chemicals in Detail    References20. Waste Disposal    Drilling Fluids    Bioremediation    Assessment of Biodegradability    Supercritical Fluid Extraction    Cuttings    Environmental Impact    Modeling the Discharge    Microwave Treatment    Discharge in Cement    Fillers in Bitumen    Chromium Removal    Injection Techniques    Acid Gas Injection    Storage of Carbon Dioxide    Slurry Fracture Injection Technique    Use as Sealants    References    Tradenames21. Dispersions, Emulsions, and Foams    Dispersions    Dispersants    Emulsions    Oil-in-water Emulsions – Invert Emulsions    Water-in-water Emulsions    Oil-in-water-in-oil Emulsions    Microemulsions    Solids-stabilized emulsion    Biotreated Emulsion    Shale Inhibition    Transportation    Acid-rich Oils    Characterization of Emulsions    Low Fluorescence Emulsifiers    Foams    Aphrons    References    Tradenames22. Defoamers    Theory of Defoaming    Stability of Foams    Action of Defoamers    Classification of Defoamers    Active Ingredients    Ancillary Agents    Uses in Petroleum Technology    Aqueous Fluid Systems    Well Treatment and Cementation    Plugging Agents    Gas-Oil Separation    Natural Gas    Distillation and Petroleum Production    Antimicrobial Antifoam Compositions    References23. Demulsifiers    Emulsions in Produced Crude Oil    Waterflooding    Oil Spill Treatment    Desired Properties    Mechanisms of Demulsification    Stabilization of Water-oil Emulsions    Interfacial Tension Relaxation    Performance Testing    Spreading Pressure    Characterization by Dielectric Constant    Shaker Test Methods    Viscosity Measurements    Screening    Classification of Demulsifiers    Common Precursor Chemicals    Demulsifiers in Detail    Polyoxyalkylenes    Vinyl Polymers    Polyamines    Polyamides    Phenolics    Alkoxylated Fatty Oils    Biodemulsifiers    References    Appendix 1: List of Tradenames    Appendix 2: List of AcronymsIndex    Chemical Index    Subject Index