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Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Management of Chronic Heart Failure
- 1st Edition - April 4, 2024
- Editors: Ram B. Singh, Jan Fedacko, Krasimira Hristova, Galal Eldin Nagib Elkilany
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 9 7 2 - 9
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 1 1 1 - 1
Chronic Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms aims to provide an inclusive overview on Chronic Heart Failure (CHF).This book is focused on the epidemiology… Read more
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Request a sales quoteChronic Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms aims to provide an inclusive overview on Chronic Heart Failure (CHF).
This book is focused on the epidemiology, classification, molecular mechanisms, pathophysiology, causes, identification and interactions of heart failure. It will explain the uncertainties and issues in Heart Failure by helping readers understand the physiopathology of CHF in the light of behavioural risk factors. 2D and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography have been used to quantify regional alterations of longitudinal strain and area strain, through their polar projection, which allows a further evaluation of both the site and extent of myocardial damage. The analysis of strain can identify subclinical cardiac failure (myocyte remodelling) which is a major issue in CHF. Myocardial Strain, measure by speckle tracking echocardiography, is frequently attenuated in these conditions and can be utilized for the evaluation of disease progression and the effect of therapeutic interventions as well as prevention because it could be a manifestation of behavioural risk factors.
This title will function as an essential reference to both researchers and practicing clinicians, proposing novel methods of research by using behavioural and environmental risk factors as intervention agents, as well as discussing deficiency in the present approaches in management of HF and proposing new methods of early diagnosis and therapies for the clinical management of CHF.
- Includes a number new and controversial topics: Roles of both behavioural and nutritional risk factors in CHF; considering behavioural intervention which may change the remodelling, as well as nutrient supplementation or change of diet in preventing CHF or converting resistant HF in to HF responding to therapy; Evidence-based knowledge on CHF, with an emphasis on viewing CHF as a disease of the brain and contribution from other systems; Pre–Heart failure which can be prevented to restore normal cardiomyocyte function; Pathogenesis of HF in chronic kidney disease; 2D and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography
- Includes never-published tables and figures to aid understanding of the topics
- Contributions from international leading experts in the field, written with the aim of serving both researchers and practicing clinicians
Cardiologists, echocardiographists, researchers, physicians, biochemists, pharmacologists, pharmacists, nutrition scientists, dietitians, experts developing guidelines, endocrinologists, nephrologists, neurologist, neuro-endocrinologists, community medicine and public health workers and policy makers
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- List of contributors
- About the editors
- Foreword by Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Foreword by Navin C. Nanda
- Preface
- Editorial: The six stages of chronic heart failure
- Left ventricular twist as function of the heart
- The six stages of heart failure
- Section 1: History, epidemiology, and burdendue to chronic heart failure
- Chapter 1. History of medicine from ancient times to present
- Abstract
- Ancient history of medicine
- Bhagavad Gita and health
- The worship of trees and animals
- The ancient masters of medicine
- Taxila University a Center of Excellence in Ancient India (600 BCE–CE 500)
- Medicine in Egypt
- Ancient knowledge on cardiovascular diseases
- Medicine in Persia (Iran)
- History of heart failure and circulation
- Blood circulation and the heart in the light of Indian texts
- Cardiovascular imaging in identification of heart failure
- Behavioral determinants of heart failure
- Molecular mechanisms in cardiac dysfunction
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 2. Epidemiology and mortality due to heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Prevalence of heart failure
- Incidence of heart failure
- Burden of heart failure in the young
- Left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure
- Gender differences in the occurrence of heart failure
- The global burden of heart failure
- Complications and mortality due to heart failure
- Conclusion and future directions
- References
- Chapter 3. Behavioral risk factors of chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Behavioral risk factors and myocardial dysfunction
- Mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction
- Cardiomyocyte remodeling; physiological or pathological?
- Mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiac hypertrophy
- Electrolytes in cardiac remodeling
- Beneficial effects of behavioral factors
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 4. Nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of heart failure: a review
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of heart failure
- Dietary fat in the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- Mechanisms of diet and obesity in heart failure
- Epidemiological studies on diet and risk of heart failure
- Role of diets in the prevention of heart failure
- Acknowledgment
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 5. Evolution of the natural history of myocardial twist and diastolic dysfunction as cardiac dysfunction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Left ventricular twist as function of the heart
- The sequence of left ventricular twist
- Neuro-hormonal mechanisms in the progression of left ventricular twist to cardiac dysfunction
- Hypothesis regarding the diastolic dysfunction
- Remodeling as a cause of progression of cardiac dysfunction
- Cardiac dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction
- The cardiac myocyte and cardiac dysfunction and recovery
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Section 2: Classification of heart failure
- Chapter 6. Preheart failure: a stage of chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Stages and risk factors of preheart failure
- Physiopathology of preheart failure
- Identification of preheart failure
- Prevention of preheart failure
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 7. Classification of chronic heart failure as per New York Heart Association
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification
- Role of NYHA classification in the assessment of heart failure
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Section 3: Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure
- Chapter 8. Molecular and cellular biology and genetic factors in chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cardiomyopathy
- Genome-Wide Association Studies in cardiomyopathies
- Genetic testing
- Epigenetic factors
- Blood and endometrial biopsy transcriptome-based biomarker
- The molecular mechanisms of familial cardiomyopathy
- Cardiac myosin modulation
- Selective cardiac myosin activator
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 9. Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure
- Causes, risk factors, and diagnosis of heart failure
- Noncardiac abnormalities in heart failure
- Economic burden of heart failure
- In conclusion
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 10. Circadian dysfunction in the pathogenesis of heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Circadian dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases
- The increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the morning
- Biochemical mechanisms of circadian influences on risk factors
- Effects of circadian dysfunction on cardiovascular diseases
- Chronodisruption to cardiovascular disease and heart failure
- Day/night rhythms as mechanisms of cardiomyocyte remodeling
- Epidemiological studies
- Hypertension, heart failure, and circadian dysfunction
- Obesity, diabetes mellitus and heart failure
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 11. Cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure: pathophysiological implications
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neurohormonal alterations
- Myocardial metabolic defects
- Myocardial inflammation and cytokines
- Development of oxidative stress
- Ca2+-handling abnormalities
- Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Further reading
- Section 4: Pathophysiology of cardiac function
- Chapter 12. Pathophysiology of abnormalities involving calcium signalling during cardiac muscle contraction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The cardiac excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) process
- Dysfunction of the ECC process
- Calcium cycling in the cardiac myocyte
- Structures involved in calcium cycling in the dyad
- The balance of calcium flux
- Effects of flux balance on Ca handling via sarcolemma
- Effects of alteration in intracellular mechanisms
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 13. Abnormalities in the cardiac relaxation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Physiopathology of left ventricular relaxation
- Diastolic left ventricular dysfunction
- Left atrial function
- Left ventricular compliance
- Ventricular interaction
- The assessment of left ventricular diastolic function
- Conclusions
- References
- Section 5: Chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease
- Chapter 14. Renal dysfunction and heart disease: elucidating the cardiorenal relationship approaches leading to heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Tissue renin–angiotensin system
- The DDAH-ADMA system
- Anemia
- Aging
- Ethnic difference
- Dyslipidemia
- Conclusion
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 15. Role of brain with reference to autonomic nervous system dysfunctions, as predisposing factor of chronic heart failure?
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Heart failure, a disease of the brain
- Arterial baroreflex sensitivity
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 16. Heart failure in chronic kidney disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Chronic kidney disease as risk factor of heart diseases
- Assessment of kidney disease
- Pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in kidney disease
- Myocardial changes in chronic kidney disease
- Treatment of patients with diastolic dysfunction with CKD
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Section 6: Imaging in chronic heart failure
- Chapter 17. Role of noninvasive imaging with reference to speckle-tracking echocardiography
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Echocardiography at rest and during stress
- The role of echocardiography, SE, strain, and allied techniques in valvular heart diseases
- Diastolic assessment and the value of exercise testing
- Strain echocardiography
- Assessment of cardiac function and the need for early intervention in VHD
- Subclinical assessment of myocardial dysfunction in high-risk population
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Evaluation of right ventricular function and pulmonary hypertension by GLS, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, TDI, and 3DE
- Multidetector computed tomography
- Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
- Molecular imaging
- Hybrid cardiac imaging
- Clinical perspective
- Conclusion
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 18. Advances in echocardiographic imaging in chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Heart failure classification
- Echocardiography and HF pathogenesis and phenotyping
- Measurement of LV ejection fraction
- LV mass and geometry
- Optimal use of echocardiography in HFpEF
- Speckle tracking echocardiography in HF
- Deformation imaging in HF phenotyping
- HF with predominant longitudinal dysfunction
- HF with transmural dysfunction (longitudinal and circumferential dysfunction)
- Response of myocardial mechanics to exercise
- Global LV systolic function
- LV mass and geometry
- LV mechanical dyssynchrony
- Functional mitral regurgitation
- Recent technological innovations
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 19. Congenital heart diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Volume overload
- Systemic right ventricle
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 20. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Why cardiac magnetic resonance imaging?
- Cardiac magnetic resonance protocol and sequences for heart failure
- Late gadolinium enhancement
- Diastolic dysfunction
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
- Perfusion imaging
- Dobutamine stress cardiac magnetic resonance
- Validation studies of stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance
- Integration between dobutamine stress cardiac magnetic resonance and dobutamine stress echocardiography
- Nonischemic cardiomyopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy: differential etiopathology
- Arrhytmogenic cardiomyopathy
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Left ventricular noncompaction
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Infiltrative cardiomyopaties
- Cardiac magnetic resonance in heart valve disease
- Cardiac magnetic resonance in congenital heart disease
- Role of cardiac computed tomography angiography
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 21. Role of pulmonary ultrasound in heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Utility and necessity of lung ultrasound
- Lung ultrasound assessment with reference to accuracy
- Lung ultrasound and prognostic assessment
- Lung ultrasound and assessment of therapy
- Recommendations for lung ultrasound
- Limitations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 22. Physical training in heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Evidence of benefits of exercise in heart failure
- Guidelines for assessment and risk stratification
- Clinical findings in the scientific studies
- References
- Chapter 23. Nutritional management in heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nutritional supplementation in heart failure
- Mechanisms of damage and repair
- Intervention studies and cohort studies of various nutrients and Mediterranean diet
- Oxidative dysfunction in heart failure
- Oxidative dysfunction and inflammation as targets for therapeutic antioxidants
- Effect of HEART diet in heart failure
- Protective dietary patterns in the prevention of heart failure
- Role of nutrients and Mediterranean diet in the management of heart failure
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Section 7: Drug therapy in the management of heart failure
- Chapter 24. Management of arrhythmia in chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Arrhythmia in heart failure as predictor of mortality?
- Epidemiological studies
- Triggering events of arrhythmia
- Electrocardiographic features
- Tachyarrhythmia
- Bradyarrhythmia
- Sudden cardiac death and lethal arrhythmias
- Outcome conclusion
- References
- Chapter 25. Ivabradine: sinus rhythm control in heart failure
- Abstract
- Heart rate and its regulation
- Physiology and regulation of pacemaker current
- Ivabradine as a heart rate-modulating agent
- Ivabradine safety and side effects
- Ivabradine and heart failure
- References
- Chapter 26. Guidelines for the management of chronic heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Guideline for management of heart failure
- The strength of recommendations
- Classification and staging of heart failure
- Pharmacotherapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Individualization of drug therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Pharmacotherapy in heart failure with improved ejection fraction
- Pharmacotherapy in patients with preserved ejection fraction
- Pharmacotherapy in heart failure with moderately reduced ejection fraction
- Treatment and identification of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure
- Sodium restriction as therapy in heart failure
- Heart rate variability in heart failure
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 27. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors in the heart failure management
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of heart failure with reference to renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker in heart failure
- Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers
- Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers in chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers in decompensated heart failure
- Conclusions
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 28. Beta-blocker therapy among patients with heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology and clinical pharmacology of β-blockers in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Classification of β-blockers
- β-Blockers in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Metoprolol
- Carvedilol
- Bisoprolol
- Nebivolol
- Optimizing the use of β-blockers in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- β-Blocker therapy in patients with heart failure and comorbidities
- β-Blockers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
- β-Blocker therapy in patients with heart failure with diabetes mellitus
- β-Blocker therapy in heart failure with atrial fibrillation
- β-Blocker therapy in heart failure with peripheral artery disease
- Gaps in the knowledge on the use of β-blockers in heart failure
- Conclusions
- Funding
- Conflicts of interest
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 29. Treatment of heart failure using angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Complications and risk factors of heart failure
- Identification of heart failure
- Effects of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in heart failure
- Mechanism of action of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in heart failure
- Clinical evidence on the effect of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in heart failure
- Conclusions
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 30. Effects of mineralocorticoid antagonist therapy in heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Effects of mineralocortico receptor antagonists in heart failure
- Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in elderly heart failure patients
- Adverse events
- Comments
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 31. Sodium glucose transporters inhibitors in the management of heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanism of action of SGLT2i in heart failure
- Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure
- Administration of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with acute heart failure
- Recommendations for the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure
- Timing for administration of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure
- Management of concomitant polypharmacy in heart failure
- Adverse effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and solving the problem
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Conflict of interest
- References
- Chapter 32. Role of vasodilators and digitalis in heart failure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Rationale of vasodilator in heart failure
- Various vasodilators in heart failure
- Mechanism of action
- Clinical use of vasodilators in heart failure
- Recommendation and level of evidence
- Adverse effects
- Role of digitalis in heart failure
- Mechanism of action of digitalis
- Evidence of digitalis use in heart failure
- Side effect profile of digitalis
- Dosing
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- References
- Chapter 33. Vericiguat as part of a multidrug approach following a worsening heart failure event
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Vericiguat as an economical part of a therapy approach following a worsening heart failure
- Mechanism of action of vericiguat
- Pharmacokinetics vericiguat
- Route of administration of viriciguat
- Indications
- Adverse effects of viriciguat
- Drug interactions with vericiguat
- Contraindications of viriciguat
- Conclusion
- Conflict of interest
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 454
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: April 4, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128229729
- eBook ISBN: 9780128231111
RS
Ram B. Singh
Dr. Ram B Singh is president of the Tsim Tsoum Insitutute in Krakow, Poland. He's an honorary fellow of the Halberg Chronobiology Centre, a member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, a fellow of the International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences, and former president and founder of the Indian Society of Hypertension, International College of Cardiology, and International College of Nutrition. He is the editor of the World Heart Journal and former professor of medicine at Subharti Medical College. He has contributed over 500 research papers to peer reviewed journals and has edited seven books.
Affiliations and expertise
Consultant Neuro-cardiologist, Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad-10(UP), IndiaJF
Jan Fedacko
Jan Fedacko, MD, PhD, FICC, FICN is Assistant Professor at Department of Medicine and Centre of Excellency for Atherosclerosis Research at Louis Pasteur University Hospital and Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovak Republic. After obtaining a diploma in General Medicine of Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovak Republic (2005) the Ph.D. study (negative pleiotropic effect of the statins and possibilities of its treatment) was completed in year 2010. He is member of executive board of International College of Cardiology, member of International College of Clinical Nutrition, Slovak Association of Cardiology, Slovak Association of Atherosclerosis and member of Editorial Advisory Board of several journals. In the clinical and research area he is focused on preventive cardiology, prevention and treatment of the atherosclerosis deseases, as well as in cardiac imagineg techniques. He has published several papers in domestic and international journals, including several international lectures.
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor, 3rd Interna Clinic,Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, SlovakiaKH
Krasimira Hristova
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Krasimira Hristova is specialist cardiologist, expert of echocardiography at University National Heart Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria and consulting cardiologist at Nadezhda Women’s Hospital , Sofia, Bulgaria . She earned a PhD in applying the newest echocardiographic methods for evaluating the myocardial deformation in patients, following acute myocardial infarction. Assoc. Prof. Hristova specialized in top-ranked universities in Austria and Belgium. She has earned a master’s degree in Advance Medical Imaging in cardiology at Catholic University Leuven, Belgium in 2009. She took part in the development and clinical implementation of the first software for 3D myocardial deformation, working in an international team with colleagues from Belgium and Norway. Authored many scientific papers, holder of the Young Researcher award of the International Society of Hypertension in 2006, she has received honors from multiple national and international organizations.
Affiliations and expertise
Associated Professor of Cardiology, National Heart Hospital, Sofia, BulgariaGN
Galal Eldin Nagib Elkilany
Dr. Galal Eldin Nagib Elkilany received his BSc and MSc degrees from Tanta University, Egypt and his PhD & MD from the Post-Graduate Institute of Cardiology Department, Tanta University School of Medicine, Egypt. He was a Research Fellow in Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Holland, Erasmus University in Stress Echocardiography Department on 2000/2001. He is a Cardiology Specialist and Faculty in Tanta University Hospital from 1991 until 1998. He also worked as Consultant Cardiologist -degree of Professor of Cardiology 1998-2015, Cairo, Egypt- law No. 115. He is a Clinical Fellow in Milano-Majore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 2007 in cardiac cath. He is a Lab and Partner clinical Fellowship and visitor physician at University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA in 2011. He received a price of Young Investigator Award from Egyptian Society of Cardiology on 1999 & 2001. He has many famous international publications to his credit.
Affiliations and expertise
Assistant Clinical Professor of Cardiology, Gulf Medical University, UAERead Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Management of Chronic Heart Failure on ScienceDirect