Particulates Matter

Impact, Measurement, and Remediation of Airborne Pollutants

1st Edition - November 28, 2020
Imprint: Elsevier
Authors: Vikram Rao, William Vizuete
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 6 9 0 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 6 9 0 5 - 6

A title in the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series, Particulates Matter: Impact, Measurement, and Remediation of Airborne Pollutants provides the latest technical findin… Read more

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A title in the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series, Particulates Matter: Impact, Measurement, and Remediation of Airborne Pollutants provides the latest technical findings in the study of particulate matter (PM). It links these findings to awareness-raising and actionable schemes for legislated remediation and engineered solutions. Written in an engaging and informative manner, the book begins with a multi-disciplinary overview of the major sources and unique classes of PM, detection techniques, and their impact, including molecular changes resulting in health effects. It then goes one step further by proposing and examining the means to curtail and contain PM generation and ameliorate their impacts.

Particulates Matter: Impact, Measurement, and Remediation of Airborne Pollutants
offers a high-quality reference guide to PM that will greatly benefit technology leaders in environmental compliance groups, epidemiologists and other public health professionals focused on pollution and health, and researchers and scholars working in pollution, climate change, and urbanization. It may also be useful to advanced undergraduate and early graduate students in environmental sciences.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part One: PM and ozone fundamentals
Introduction
Chapter One: Why particulates matter
Abstract
Early days: Recognition of the issue
Progress of regulations
Current state of the particulate matter problem
Health effects
Impact of elevated particulate matter on severe acute respiratory syndrome and Covid-19
Transmigration of particulate matter
Transmigration markers and climatic effects
Chapter Two: Principal sources of PM
Abstract
Internal combustion engines
Coal combustion
Biomass combustion for cooking and heating
Crop residue burning
Dust storms
Chapter Three: Ozone: Good high, bad nigh
Abstract
Formation and prevalence
The distribution of atmospheric ozone
Health effects
Ozone and climate change
Cannabis: A new player in ozone production
Part Two: Impacts of differences in particle size
Introduction
Chapter Four: The importance of being small (with apologies to Oscar Wilde)
Abstract
Conventional particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and ultrafine
How particulates form
Particulates from coal combustion
Particulates from use of fuel
Ultrafine particles (nanomaterials)
Bioaerosols
Chapter Five: Health effects of airborne particulates
Abstract
Mechanisms of action on organs
Morbidity and mortality
Long-term systemic impacts
Detection and estimation of episodic insults
Pediatric effects of exposure
Part Three: Detecting PM and in vitro techniques to measure health impact
Introduction
Chapter Six: Detection and evaluation of airborne particulates
Abstract
Gravimetric estimation
Optical methods
Counters based on nephelometry
RTI MicroPEM version 3.2
Measuring black carbon
Size measurement
Satellite monitoring
Chapter Seven: Estimation of toxicity of airborne particulates
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies
Filtrate resuspension exposure method
Air-liquid interface exposure method
A new commercial ALI device
Toxicity of biomass-sourced particulates: A case study
Part Four: Engineered interventions
Introduction
Chapter Eight: Wood fires: Domesticated
Abstract
Wood combustion basics
Cookstove emissions
Engineered interventions
Economics of substitutes
Chapter Nine: Wood fires: Wild
Abstract
Wildfire emissions
General health effects
Lung toxicity
Causes of wildfires
Chapter Ten: Reducing PM and NOx in diesel engine exhaust
Abstract
Diesel particulate filters
Regeneration results in higher nanoparticle count
Diesel oxidation catalyst
NOx removal
Exhaust gas recirculation
Selective catalyst reduction
Lean NOx trap
Gasoline engines: Are they getting a free pass?
Chapter Eleven: Alternative fuels
Abstract
Diesel substitutes
Methanol and ethanol in gasoline
Chapter Twelve: Electric vehicles: Transformational solution for low-PM transportation
Abstract
History of electric vehicles
Hybrid electric vehicles
All-electric vehicles
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
Comparison of electric vehicles with fuel cell vehicles
Chapter Thirteen: Clean coal and dirty solar panels
Abstract
Particulate matter casts a shadow on solar energy
Is clean coal indeed an oxymoron?
Part Five: Policy directions
Introduction
Chapter Fourteen: Research and policy directions
Abstract
Policy revision needed
Household air pollution
Policy for household air pollution reduction
Short-term effects on health and behavior
Regulating ultrafine particulate matter
Index

Vikram Rao

Vikram Rao is the executive director of the Research Triangle Energy Consortium, having assumed this position on September 1, 2008. He spent 9 years with Halliburton and another 25 with predecessor companies. Most recently, he served as senior vice president and chief technology officer responsible for Halliburton’s technology effort as well as intellectual asset management. He joined a predecessor company in 1974 as a senior research engineer. Dr. Rao currently advises the non-profit RTI International and the firms BioLargo Inc., Biota Technology Inc., Alchemy Sciences Inc., Fervo Energy Inc., Sage Geosystems Inc., Clyra Medical Technologies Inc., and Cybele Microbiome Inc. He is a past chairman of the North Carolina Mining and Energy Commission. He is the author of more than 30 publications and has been awarded 42 United States patents and foreign analogs. RTI Press released his book Shale Gas: The Promise and the Peril in July 2012 and a revised second edition in 2015. His book Sustainable Shale Oil and Gas in the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series, with Dr. Rob Knight, was released in 2016. Rao earned a doctorate and a master’s in engineering from Stanford University and holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras in Chennai, India.

Affiliations and expertise

Executive Director, Research Triangle Energy Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States

William Vizuete

William Vizuete is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (ESE) in the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. His work focuses on air quality and climate change and endeavors to understand how pollution forms in the atmosphere, and its connection to human health. Through this research, Dr. Vizuete has increased scientific knowledge in these areas and produced new insights through air quality models, field studies, laboratory experiments, and the development of a novel in vitro technology to assess air pollution toxicity. Dr. Vizuete is also known for his groundbreaking research on the legal cannabis industry and its impact on air quality.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health