Palladium Membrane Technology for Hydrogen Production, Carbon Capture and Other Applications

1: Introduction to palladium membrane technology

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Current palladium membrane technology and research
• 1.3 Principles and types of palladium membrane
• 1.4 Separation mechanisms
• 1.5 Palladium-based membranes
• 1.6 Manufacturing of palladium membranes
• 1.7 Applications of palladium membranes
• 1.8 Palladium membrane technology scale-up issues

Part One: Membrane fabrication and reactor design

2: Fabrication of palladium-based membranes by magnetron sputtering

• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Membrane fabrication by magnetron sputtering
• 2.3 Membrane and module design
• 2.4 Conclusions
• Acknowledgements

3: The use of electroless plating as a deposition technology in the fabrication of palladium-based membranes

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Electroless plating
• 3.3 Industrial electroless plating applications
• 3.4 Other deposition techniques and their pros/cons
• 3.5 Important process parameters in scaling up electroless plating

4: Large-scale ceramic support fabrication for palladium membranes

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Tubular porous ceramic substrates
• 4.3 Flat porous ceramic substrates
• 4.4 Macro- and mesoporous membrane layers made by slurry coating
• 4.5 Mesoporous ceramic membrane layers made by the sol-gel process
• 4.6 Special demands on palladium-supporting ceramic ultra-filtration (UF) membranes
• 4.7 Mass production of ceramic membranes for ultra-filtration (UF)
• 4.8 Strategies for reducing ceramic membrane production costs
• 4.9 Conclusions

5: Fabrication of supported palladium alloy membranes using electroless plating techniques

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Preparation of palladium membranes by electroless plating (ELP)
• 5.3 “Pore-fill” palladium membranes
• 5.4 Preparation of an ultra-thin Pd-Ag alloy membrane supported on a YSZ-γ-Al₂O₃ nanocomposite
• 5.5 High temperature Pd-based supported membranes
• 5.6 Conclusion

6: Development and application of self-supported palladium membranes

• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Properties of hydrogenated Pd-Ag
• 6.3 Dense Pd-Ag membranes
• 6.4 Applications: membrane reactors
• 6.5 Conclusions

7: Testing palladium membranes: methods and results

• 7.1 Introduction: key parameters in scaling up membrane technology
• 7.2 The KT – Kinetics Technology membrane assisted steam reforming plant
• 7.3 Membrane modules
• 7.4 Testing membrane module stability and durability
• 7.5 Conclusions

8: Criteria for palladium membrane reactor design: architecture, thermal effects and autothermal design

• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Design and modelling of an isothermal, single reaction, single reactor
• 8.3 Design and modelling of an isothermal, single reaction, distributed system
• 8.4 Modelling multiple reactions
• 8.5 Modelling thermal effects
• 8.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgement

9: Simulation of palladium membrane reactors: a simulator developed in the CACHET-II project

• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Reactor configurations investigated during the CACHET-II project
• 9.3 Model development
• 9.4 Sub-models
• 9.5 Calculation of physical properties
• 9.6 Implementing the model: reactor modules
• 9.7 Use of the program
• Nomenclature
• Greek symbols

Part Two: Application of palladium membrane technology in hydrogen production, carbon capture and other applications

10: Palladium membranes in solar steam reforming

• 10.1 Introduction: what is steam reforming?
• 10.2 The use of solar energy in steam reforming
• 10.3 The use of palladium membranes in solar steam reforming
• 10.4 Examples of solar steam reforming technology using palladium membranes

11: Using palladium membranes for carbon capture in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants

• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants
• 11.3 Handling sulphur in IGCC membrane plants
• 11.4 Palladium membranes for IGCC applications
• 11.5 Thermodynamic performance of IGCC plants using palladium membranes
• 11.6 Effect of the membrane operating conditions on plant performance
• 11.7 Economic assessment
• 11.8 Conclusions
• Appendix: nomenclature

12: Using palladium membranes for carbon capture in natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants: process integration and techno-economics

• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Design of key components for the optimum operation of the power plant
• 12.3 Design of water gas shift (WGS) reactors and membrane reactors (MRs)
• 12.4 Purification, compression and recirculation
• 12.5 Determining optimum operating parameters
• 12.6 Optimized case study
• 12.7 Economic evaluation
• 12.8 Conclusions

13: Using palladium membrane reformers for hydrogen production

• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 KT – Kinetics Technology reformer and membrane module (RMM) pilot plant
• 13.3 RMM operation mode
• 13.4 RMM performance
• 13.5 Conclusions

14: Operation of a palladium membrane reformer system for hydrogen production: the case of Tokyo Gas

• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Membrane reformers (MRFs): key principles
• 14.3 Performance of the MRF system: hydrogen production and carbon capture
• 14.4 Durability of the membrane module
• 14.5 Long-term operation of the MRF system
• 14.6 Conclusions
• Acknowledgements

15: Using palladium membrane-based fuel reformers for combined heat and power (CHP) plants

• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Current micro-CHP systems
• 15.3 Membrane reactor fuel processing for fuel cell-based micro-CHP systems
• 15.4 Comparison between fixed and fluidized bed membrane reactors for micro-CHP systems
• 15.5 Conclusions and future trends
• Note for the reader

16: Review of palladium membrane use in biorefinery operations

• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Pure H₂ production
• 16.3 Main chemicals production
• 16.4 Fuel upgrading
• 16.5 By-products recovery through reforming
• 16.6 Further considerations for potential uses
• 16.7 Conclusions