Ozonation-Based Treatment of Water and Wastewater
Advancements and Environmental Applications
- 1st Edition - December 1, 2025
- Authors: Mihir Kumar Purkait, Pranjal Pratim Das
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 7 5 9 8 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 7 5 9 9 - 9
Ozonation-Based Treatment of Water and Wastewater: Advancements and Environmental Applications offers a comprehensive exploration of ozone and related oxidation methods for elimin… Read more
Ozonation-Based Treatment of Water and Wastewater: Advancements and Environmental Applications offers a comprehensive exploration of ozone and related oxidation methods for eliminating harmful contaminants from drinking water and wastewater. Beginning with an overview of water resource management, pollution sources, and treatment limitations, the book delves into the principles and mechanisms of ozonation, including operational factors and impacts. Subsequent chapters include advancements in ozone nano bubble technology that are supported by mathematical models and reaction kinetics. Discussions of the practical applications of ozone-based processes in water treatment are also explored.
A necessary guide for students and researchers in water science, this book provides a blend of foundational knowledge and cutting-edge insights presented in an accessible manner with real-world case studies.
A necessary guide for students and researchers in water science, this book provides a blend of foundational knowledge and cutting-edge insights presented in an accessible manner with real-world case studies.
- Offers the latest ozone-based disinfection techniques for water and wastewater treatment
- Contains global case studies with real-life applications on the treatment of drinking water and wastewater
- Provides up-to-date information on the advancements and limitations of ozone nano bubble technology
Undergraduate and postgraduate students studying about water and wastewater treatment
1. Water and wastewater: A global perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Temporal and spatial variation of water resources across the globe
1.3 Water resource management
1.3.1 Pollution-prevention strategy
1.3.2 Preservation strategy
1.3.3 Purification strategy
1.4 Major sources of water and wastewater pollution
1.4.1 Ground water and surface water
1.4.2 Sewage and domestic waste
1.4.3 Industrial effluents and agricultural waste
1.4 Quality characteristics of water and wastewater
1.4.1 Physical characteristics
1.4.1.1 Turbidity and color
1.4.1.2 Taste and odor
1.4.2 Chemical characteristics
1.4.2.1 Alkalinity and hardness
1.4.2.3 Organic and inorganic substances
1.4.3 Biological characteristics
1.4.3.1 Bacteria and viruses
1.4.3.2 Protozoa and worms
1.5 Safe drinking water and clean water legislations
1.6 Challenges and possible solutions
1.7 Conclusion
2. Conventional treatment processes for water and wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water-quality standards and sources
2.2.1 Drinking water standards
2.2.2 Industrial discharge standards
2.3 Classification of conventional treatment techniques
2.3.1 Physical treatment
2.3.1.1 Evaporation
2.3.1.2 Activated carbon/alumina
2.3.1.3 Membrane separation
2.3.2 Chemical treatment
2.3.2.1 Chlorination
2.3.2.2 Ion exchange/sorption
2.3.2.3 Chemical coagulation/flocculation
2.3.3 Biological treatment
2.3.3.1 Biological contact oxidation
2.3.3.2 Moving bed biofilm reactor
2.3.3.3 Aerobic and anaerobic digestion
2.4 Drawbacks associated with each of the conventional treatment techniques
2.5 Paradigm shift from conventional to advanced oxidation process
2.6 Challenges and future research scope
2.7 Conclusion
3. Ozonation process: Fundamentals and mechanism
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Historical timeline and theoretical background of ozone
3.3 Reaction mechanism of ozonation process
3.3.1 Direct reaction mechanism
3.3.2 Indirect reaction mechanism
3.4 Physical and chemical properties of ozone
3.4.1 Ozone solubility in water
3.4.2 Ozone decay measurement
3.4.3 Stability of ozone solutions
3.4.4 Reduction potentials of in-situ generated oxygen species
3.5 Ozone reaction with various functional groups of micropollutants
3.5.1 Olefins
3.5.2 Aliphatic amines
3.5.3 Aromatic compounds
3.5.4 Heterocyclic compounds
3.5.5 Organosulfur compounds
3.6 Factors affecting the ozonation process
3.6.1 Ozone doses
3.6.2 Solution pH
3.6.3 Initial concentration
3.6.4 Reaction time and temperature
3.7 Challenges and future prospects
3.8 Conclusion
4. Advancements in ozone nano bubble technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conventional ozone disinfection and its limitations
4.3 Current status on ozone nano bubbles
4.3.1 Fundamentals of nano bubbles
4.3.2 Generation methods of nano bubbles
4.3.3 Size determination of nano bubbles
4.4 Properties of ozone nano bubbles
4.4.1 Long residence time
4.4.2 Enhanced reactivity
4.4.3 High oxidative potential
4.4.4 Miniature size and high efficiency for mass transfer
4.4.5 High negative zeta potential and hydrophobicity
4.5 Applications of ozone nano bubbles in various fields
4.5.1 Drinking water
4.5.2 Irrigation water
4.5.3 Ground water
4.5.4 Aquaculture systems
4.5.5 Hospital wastewater
4.5.6 Municipal wastewater
4.5.7 Industrial wastewater
4.6 Challenges and future recommendations
4.7 Conclusion
5. Mass transfer and mathematical modelling of ozonation process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory of mass transfer between one and two phases
5.3 Parameters effecting mass transfer of ozone
5.3.1 Simultaneous chemical reactions
5.3.2 Correction factor for water composition
5.3.3 Change in surface tension and bubble coalescence
5.4 Determination of mass transfer coefficients
5.4.1 Equilibrium Concentration
5.4.2 Steady state methods
5.4.3 Non-steady state methods
5.5 Modelling of ozone
5.5.1 Chemical model of ozonation
5.5.2 Mathematical model of ozonation
5.6 Modelling of water and wastewater oxidation
5.6.1 Determination of hydroxyl-radical concentration
5.6.1.1 Indirect measurement
5.6.1.2 Complete radical chain-reaction
5.6.1.3 Empirical Selectivity for Scavengers
5.6.1.4 Semi-empirical method based on observed hydroxyl radical rate
5.6.2 Determination of reaction order and rate constants
5.7 Challenges and possible solutions
5.8 Conclusion
6. Ozonation process for water and wastewater treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of emerging contaminants in drinking water and wastewater
6.3 Significance of different phases during ozonation process
6.3.1 Liquid phase
6.3.2 Gaseous phase
6.3.3 Solid phase
6.4 Reaction kinetics of ozone
6.4.1 Slow and fast kinetic regime
6.4.2 Batch and flow reactor kinetics
6.4.3 Ozone decomposition reactions
6.4.4 Effect of water phase and gas flows
6.5 Ozone disinfection in drinking water and wastewater
6.5.1 Drinking water
6.5.1.1 From microbial disinfection to oxidation
6.5.1.2 Disinfection by-products formation and mitigation
6.5.1.3 Small-scale technique for household applications in drinking water
6.5.2 Wastewater
6.5.2.1 Pathogen inactivation for water reuse
6.5.2.2 Disinfection of micropollutants for safe discharge into water bodies
6.6 Challenges and future perspectives
6.7 Conclusion
7. Hybrid ozone-based oxidation of water and wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Potential of ozone-based oxidation for the removal of emerging contaminants
7.3 Classification of hybrid ozonation processes
7.3.1 Ozone assisted electrocoagulation process
7.3.2 Ozone assisted hydrogen peroxide
7.3.3 Ozone assisted UV radiation
7.3.4 Ozone assisted sonication process
7.3.5 Catalytic ozonation
7.3.5.1 Homogenous catalytic ozonation
7.3.5.2 Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation
7.3.6 Photo-catalytic ozonation
7.3.7 Nano-catalyzed ozonation
7.3.8 Ozone assisted activated carbon
7.3.9 Ozone assisted membrane process
7.3.10 Ozone assisted electrical discharge plasma
7.4 Scaling up of the hybrid ozonation processes
7.5 Energy consumption of ozone-based oxidation processes
7.6 Constraints and future recommendations
7.7 Conclusion
8. Disinfection and by-products formation during ozonation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Disinfection strategy during ozonation
8.2.1 Effect of molecular ozone (O3)
8.2.2 Effect of hydroxyl radicals (OH)
8.3 Formation of disinfection by-products and mitigation strategies
8.3.1 By-product formation in presence of bromide
8.3.1.1 Occurrence of bromide and bromate in ozonation plants
8.3.1.2 Bromate formation during oxidation of bromide-containing water
8.3.1.3 Bromate formation during oxidation of micropollutants
8.3.1.4 Bromo-organic compounds
8.3.1.5 Approaches for bromate mitigation
8.3.2 By-product formation in absence of bromide
8.3.3 By-product formation in iodide-containing waters
8.3.4 By-product formation in sulfur-containing waters
8.3.5 Chlorine derived by-products
8.3.6 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation
8.4 Toxicity analysis and water quality parameters
8.5 Challenges and possible solutions
8.6 Conclusion
9. Case studies on ozone-based oxidation of water and wastewater
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Advances in batch and continuous ozone-based oxidation reactors
9.3 Real life applications of ozone-based treatment processes
9.3.1 Ozone-based treatment of drinking water: Case studies
9.3.1.1 Ozone assisted hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of drinking water and raw groundwater
9.3.1.2 Treatment of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in drinking water by ozone assisted peroxide process
9.3.1.3 Hybrid ozone-activated carbon treatment for the degradation of emerging contaminants from drinking water
9.3.1.4 Ozone assisted membrane filtration process for the treatment of drinking water
9.3.1.5 Hybrid ozone-UV irradiation for the removal of synthetic musks during the treatment of drinking water
9.3.2 Ozone-based treatment of wastewater: Case studies
9.3.2.1 Treatment of veterinary pharmaceutical wastewater by hybrid catalytic ozonation-electroflocculation process
9.3.2.2 Ozone assisted peroxi-coagulation process for the treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater
9.3.2.3 Hybrid electrocatalytic ozonation treatment of simulated high-salinity carbamazepine wastewater
9.3.2.4 Treatment of municipal reverse osmosis concentrate by hybrid ozonation-membrane aerated biofilm reactor
9.3.2.5 Hybrid ozone-electrocoagulation process for the treatment of distillery industry wastewater
9.3.2.6 Treatment of petroleum industry wastewater by heterogeneous catalytic ozonation using Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3 catalyst
9.4 Comparison of ozone-based treatment with conventional processes
9.5 Challenges and future perspectives
9.6 Conclusion
10. Techno-economic assessment of ozonation systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cost estimation of ozonation systems
10.2.1 Estimation of capital costs
10.2.2 Estimation of operation and maintenance costs
10.3 Effect of ozonation systems on capital cost
10.3.1 Ozone requirement
10.3.2 System size and housing
10.3.3 Degree of automation
10.3.4 Power availability to the site
10.4 Effect of ozonation systems on operation and maintenance cost
10.4.1 Feed gas stream
10.4.2 Ozone generators
10.4.3 Dissolution systems
10.4.4 Destruction of ozone containing offgas
10.5 Other cost considerations
10.5.1 Training of personals during equipment set-up
10.5.2 Safety considerations
10.6 Challenges and future recommendations
10.7 Conclusion
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Temporal and spatial variation of water resources across the globe
1.3 Water resource management
1.3.1 Pollution-prevention strategy
1.3.2 Preservation strategy
1.3.3 Purification strategy
1.4 Major sources of water and wastewater pollution
1.4.1 Ground water and surface water
1.4.2 Sewage and domestic waste
1.4.3 Industrial effluents and agricultural waste
1.4 Quality characteristics of water and wastewater
1.4.1 Physical characteristics
1.4.1.1 Turbidity and color
1.4.1.2 Taste and odor
1.4.2 Chemical characteristics
1.4.2.1 Alkalinity and hardness
1.4.2.3 Organic and inorganic substances
1.4.3 Biological characteristics
1.4.3.1 Bacteria and viruses
1.4.3.2 Protozoa and worms
1.5 Safe drinking water and clean water legislations
1.6 Challenges and possible solutions
1.7 Conclusion
2. Conventional treatment processes for water and wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water-quality standards and sources
2.2.1 Drinking water standards
2.2.2 Industrial discharge standards
2.3 Classification of conventional treatment techniques
2.3.1 Physical treatment
2.3.1.1 Evaporation
2.3.1.2 Activated carbon/alumina
2.3.1.3 Membrane separation
2.3.2 Chemical treatment
2.3.2.1 Chlorination
2.3.2.2 Ion exchange/sorption
2.3.2.3 Chemical coagulation/flocculation
2.3.3 Biological treatment
2.3.3.1 Biological contact oxidation
2.3.3.2 Moving bed biofilm reactor
2.3.3.3 Aerobic and anaerobic digestion
2.4 Drawbacks associated with each of the conventional treatment techniques
2.5 Paradigm shift from conventional to advanced oxidation process
2.6 Challenges and future research scope
2.7 Conclusion
3. Ozonation process: Fundamentals and mechanism
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Historical timeline and theoretical background of ozone
3.3 Reaction mechanism of ozonation process
3.3.1 Direct reaction mechanism
3.3.2 Indirect reaction mechanism
3.4 Physical and chemical properties of ozone
3.4.1 Ozone solubility in water
3.4.2 Ozone decay measurement
3.4.3 Stability of ozone solutions
3.4.4 Reduction potentials of in-situ generated oxygen species
3.5 Ozone reaction with various functional groups of micropollutants
3.5.1 Olefins
3.5.2 Aliphatic amines
3.5.3 Aromatic compounds
3.5.4 Heterocyclic compounds
3.5.5 Organosulfur compounds
3.6 Factors affecting the ozonation process
3.6.1 Ozone doses
3.6.2 Solution pH
3.6.3 Initial concentration
3.6.4 Reaction time and temperature
3.7 Challenges and future prospects
3.8 Conclusion
4. Advancements in ozone nano bubble technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conventional ozone disinfection and its limitations
4.3 Current status on ozone nano bubbles
4.3.1 Fundamentals of nano bubbles
4.3.2 Generation methods of nano bubbles
4.3.3 Size determination of nano bubbles
4.4 Properties of ozone nano bubbles
4.4.1 Long residence time
4.4.2 Enhanced reactivity
4.4.3 High oxidative potential
4.4.4 Miniature size and high efficiency for mass transfer
4.4.5 High negative zeta potential and hydrophobicity
4.5 Applications of ozone nano bubbles in various fields
4.5.1 Drinking water
4.5.2 Irrigation water
4.5.3 Ground water
4.5.4 Aquaculture systems
4.5.5 Hospital wastewater
4.5.6 Municipal wastewater
4.5.7 Industrial wastewater
4.6 Challenges and future recommendations
4.7 Conclusion
5. Mass transfer and mathematical modelling of ozonation process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory of mass transfer between one and two phases
5.3 Parameters effecting mass transfer of ozone
5.3.1 Simultaneous chemical reactions
5.3.2 Correction factor for water composition
5.3.3 Change in surface tension and bubble coalescence
5.4 Determination of mass transfer coefficients
5.4.1 Equilibrium Concentration
5.4.2 Steady state methods
5.4.3 Non-steady state methods
5.5 Modelling of ozone
5.5.1 Chemical model of ozonation
5.5.2 Mathematical model of ozonation
5.6 Modelling of water and wastewater oxidation
5.6.1 Determination of hydroxyl-radical concentration
5.6.1.1 Indirect measurement
5.6.1.2 Complete radical chain-reaction
5.6.1.3 Empirical Selectivity for Scavengers
5.6.1.4 Semi-empirical method based on observed hydroxyl radical rate
5.6.2 Determination of reaction order and rate constants
5.7 Challenges and possible solutions
5.8 Conclusion
6. Ozonation process for water and wastewater treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of emerging contaminants in drinking water and wastewater
6.3 Significance of different phases during ozonation process
6.3.1 Liquid phase
6.3.2 Gaseous phase
6.3.3 Solid phase
6.4 Reaction kinetics of ozone
6.4.1 Slow and fast kinetic regime
6.4.2 Batch and flow reactor kinetics
6.4.3 Ozone decomposition reactions
6.4.4 Effect of water phase and gas flows
6.5 Ozone disinfection in drinking water and wastewater
6.5.1 Drinking water
6.5.1.1 From microbial disinfection to oxidation
6.5.1.2 Disinfection by-products formation and mitigation
6.5.1.3 Small-scale technique for household applications in drinking water
6.5.2 Wastewater
6.5.2.1 Pathogen inactivation for water reuse
6.5.2.2 Disinfection of micropollutants for safe discharge into water bodies
6.6 Challenges and future perspectives
6.7 Conclusion
7. Hybrid ozone-based oxidation of water and wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Potential of ozone-based oxidation for the removal of emerging contaminants
7.3 Classification of hybrid ozonation processes
7.3.1 Ozone assisted electrocoagulation process
7.3.2 Ozone assisted hydrogen peroxide
7.3.3 Ozone assisted UV radiation
7.3.4 Ozone assisted sonication process
7.3.5 Catalytic ozonation
7.3.5.1 Homogenous catalytic ozonation
7.3.5.2 Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation
7.3.6 Photo-catalytic ozonation
7.3.7 Nano-catalyzed ozonation
7.3.8 Ozone assisted activated carbon
7.3.9 Ozone assisted membrane process
7.3.10 Ozone assisted electrical discharge plasma
7.4 Scaling up of the hybrid ozonation processes
7.5 Energy consumption of ozone-based oxidation processes
7.6 Constraints and future recommendations
7.7 Conclusion
8. Disinfection and by-products formation during ozonation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Disinfection strategy during ozonation
8.2.1 Effect of molecular ozone (O3)
8.2.2 Effect of hydroxyl radicals (OH)
8.3 Formation of disinfection by-products and mitigation strategies
8.3.1 By-product formation in presence of bromide
8.3.1.1 Occurrence of bromide and bromate in ozonation plants
8.3.1.2 Bromate formation during oxidation of bromide-containing water
8.3.1.3 Bromate formation during oxidation of micropollutants
8.3.1.4 Bromo-organic compounds
8.3.1.5 Approaches for bromate mitigation
8.3.2 By-product formation in absence of bromide
8.3.3 By-product formation in iodide-containing waters
8.3.4 By-product formation in sulfur-containing waters
8.3.5 Chlorine derived by-products
8.3.6 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation
8.4 Toxicity analysis and water quality parameters
8.5 Challenges and possible solutions
8.6 Conclusion
9. Case studies on ozone-based oxidation of water and wastewater
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Advances in batch and continuous ozone-based oxidation reactors
9.3 Real life applications of ozone-based treatment processes
9.3.1 Ozone-based treatment of drinking water: Case studies
9.3.1.1 Ozone assisted hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of drinking water and raw groundwater
9.3.1.2 Treatment of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in drinking water by ozone assisted peroxide process
9.3.1.3 Hybrid ozone-activated carbon treatment for the degradation of emerging contaminants from drinking water
9.3.1.4 Ozone assisted membrane filtration process for the treatment of drinking water
9.3.1.5 Hybrid ozone-UV irradiation for the removal of synthetic musks during the treatment of drinking water
9.3.2 Ozone-based treatment of wastewater: Case studies
9.3.2.1 Treatment of veterinary pharmaceutical wastewater by hybrid catalytic ozonation-electroflocculation process
9.3.2.2 Ozone assisted peroxi-coagulation process for the treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater
9.3.2.3 Hybrid electrocatalytic ozonation treatment of simulated high-salinity carbamazepine wastewater
9.3.2.4 Treatment of municipal reverse osmosis concentrate by hybrid ozonation-membrane aerated biofilm reactor
9.3.2.5 Hybrid ozone-electrocoagulation process for the treatment of distillery industry wastewater
9.3.2.6 Treatment of petroleum industry wastewater by heterogeneous catalytic ozonation using Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3 catalyst
9.4 Comparison of ozone-based treatment with conventional processes
9.5 Challenges and future perspectives
9.6 Conclusion
10. Techno-economic assessment of ozonation systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cost estimation of ozonation systems
10.2.1 Estimation of capital costs
10.2.2 Estimation of operation and maintenance costs
10.3 Effect of ozonation systems on capital cost
10.3.1 Ozone requirement
10.3.2 System size and housing
10.3.3 Degree of automation
10.3.4 Power availability to the site
10.4 Effect of ozonation systems on operation and maintenance cost
10.4.1 Feed gas stream
10.4.2 Ozone generators
10.4.3 Dissolution systems
10.4.4 Destruction of ozone containing offgas
10.5 Other cost considerations
10.5.1 Training of personals during equipment set-up
10.5.2 Safety considerations
10.6 Challenges and future recommendations
10.7 Conclusion
- Edition: 1
- Published: December 1, 2025
- Language: English
MP
Mihir Kumar Purkait
Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India. His current research activities are focused in four distinct areas viz. i) advanced separation technologies, ii) waste to energy, iii) smart materials for various applications, and iv) process intensification. In each of the area, his goal is to synthesis stimuli responsive materials and to develop a more fundamental understanding of the factors governing the performance of the chemical and biochemical processes. He has more than 20 years of experience in academics and research and published more than 300 papers in different reputed journals (Citation: >16,500, h-index = 75, i-10 index = 193). He has 12 patents and completed 43 sponsored and consultancy projects from various funding agencies.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, IndiaPD
Pranjal Pratim Das
Dr. Pranjal Pratim Das is a Technical Associate at the National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt. of India. He has completed his PhD from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India. He received his M. Tech and B. Tech in Food Engineering and Technology from Tezpur (Central) University, Assam, India. His research work is purely dedicated to industrial wastewater treatment via electrochemical and advanced oxidation techniques. He has extensively worked on the application of hybrid ozone-electrocoagulation process to treat heavy metals and cyanide-contaminated effluents from different unit operations of steel industry. He has authored several scientific book publications, research/review articles and book chapters in various reputed international journals on water and wastewater treatment. He has fabricated and demonstrated many lab-scale modules for the green energy generation from sewage wastewaters. He has also worked on the treatment of ground and surface waters and has delivered many pilot plant set-ups to several water treatment facilities across the state of Assam (India) for the supply of safe drinking water
Affiliations and expertise
Technical Associate, National Jal Jeevan Mission, Ministry of Jal Shakti (Govt. of India), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India