Orban's Oral Histology & Embryology
- 13th Edition - February 10, 2014
- Author: G. S. Kumar
- Language: English
First published in 1944, Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology has become the classic text for successive generations of dental students. This thirteenth edition, while re… Read more
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First published in 1944, Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology has become the classic text for successive generations of dental students. This thirteenth edition, while retaining the same fundamentals and lucid writing style, reflects upon the recent advances and latest curriculum offered in Indian universities.
New to this Edition
- All chapters have been extensively revised and updated
- Incorporates Summary and Review Questions at the end of each chapter for the benefit of the students
- All line illustrations have been modified and poor photographs have been replaced with improved ones for better understanding of the subject
- New chapter on Lymphoid Tissue and Lymphatics in Orofacial Region
- Preparation of Specimens for Histologic Study upgraded as a chapter
Salient Features
1. An Overview of Oral Tissues 1
2. Development of Face and Oral Cavity 5
Origin of Facial Tissues 5
Development of Facial Prominences 9
Development of the frontonasal region:
olfactory placode, primary palate, and nose 9
Development of maxillary prominences
and secondary palate 10
Development of visceral arches and tongue 11
Final Differentiation of Facial Tissues 13
Clinical Considerations 15
_x0003_ Facial clefts 15
_x0003_ Hemifacial microsomia 18
_x0003_ Treacher Collins’ syndrome 18
_x0003_ Labial pits 19
_x0003_ Lingual anomalies 19
_x0003_ Developmental cysts 19
Summary 21
3. Development and Growth of Teeth 24
Dental Lamina 25
_x0003_ Fate of dental lamina 25
_x0003_ Vestibular lamina 26
Tooth Development 26
Developmental Stages 27
_x0003_ Bud stage 27
_x0003_ Cap stage 28
Outer and inner enamel epithelium 28
Stellate reticulum 29
Dental papilla 30
Dental sac (dental follicle) 30
_x0003_ Bell stage 31
Inner enamel epithelium 32
Stratum intermedium 32
Stellate reticulum 33
Outer enamel epithelium 33
Dental lamina 33
Dental papilla 33
Dental sac 35
Advanced bell stage 35
_x0003_ Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and
root formation 35
Histophysiology 37
_x0003_ Initiation 37
_x0003_ Proliferation 38
_x0003_ Histodifferentiation 38
_x0003_ Morphodifferentiation 38
_x0003_ Apposition 38
Molecular Insights in Tooth Morphogenesis 38
_x0003_ Tooth initiation potential 39
_x0003_ Establishment of oral–aboral axis 40
_x0003_ Control of tooth germ position 41
_x0003_ Functional redundancy and their complexities 41
_x0003_ Patterning of dentition 42
_x0003_ Regulation of ectodermal boundaries 43
_x0003_ Stomodeal thickening stage—Dental
lamina stage (E11.5–E12.5) 44
_x0003_ Bud stage (E12.5–E13.5) 44
_x0003_ Bud stage–Cap stage (E13.5–E14.5) 44
_x0003_ Enamel knot–Signaling center for tooth
morphogenesis 45
Clinical Considerations 46
Summary 46
4. Enamel 50
Histology 50
_x0003_ Physical characteristics 50
_x0003_ Chemical properties 51
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Brief Contents_x0003_ Structure 53
Rods 53
Ultrastructure 53
Striations 54
Direction of rods 54
Hunter–Schreger bands 57
Incremental lines of Retzius 57
Surface structures 58
Enamel cuticle 60
Enamel lamellae 61
Enamel tufts 62
Dentinoenamel junction 64
Odontoblast processes and enamel spindles 65
_x0003_ Age changes 65
Clinical Considerations 66
Development 68
_x0003_ Epithelial enamel organ 68
Outer enamel epithelium 69
Stellate reticulum 69
Stratum intermedium 71
Inner enamel epithelium 71
Cervical loop 71
_x0003_ Life cycle of the ameloblasts 72
Morphogenic stage 72
Organizing stage 74
Formative stage 74
Maturative stage 75
Protective stage 75
Desmolytic stage 75
_x0003_ Amelogenesis 76
Formation of the enamel matrix 76
Development of Tomes’ processes 77
Ameloblasts covering maturing enamel 81
Mineralization and maturation of the
enamel matrix 82
Clinical Considerations 86
Summary 87
5. Dentin 93
Physical and Chemical Properties 93
Structure 94
Dentinal tubules 94
Peritubular dentin 95
Intertubular dentin 96
Predentin 96
Odontoblast process 97
Primary Dentin 98
Secondary Dentin 100
Tertiary Dentin 100
Incremental Lines 100
Interglobular Dentin 101
Granular Layer 103
Innervation of Dentin 104
Intratubular nerves 104
Theories of pain transmission through dentin 104
Permeability of Dentin 106
Age and Functional Changes 106
Vitality of dentin 106
Reparative dentin 107
Dead tracts 108
Sclerotic or transparent dentin 108
Development 110
Dentinogenesis 110
Mineralization 112
Clinical Considerations 115
Summary 117
6.
Pulp 120Anatomy 120
General features 120
Coronal pulp 120
Radicular pulp 121
Apical foramen 121
Accessory canals 122
Structural Features 122
Intercellular substance 122
Fibroblasts 124
Fibers 124
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells 125
Odontoblasts 125
Defense cells 127
Pulpal stem cells 130
Blood vessels 130
Lymph vessels 135
Nerves 135
Nerve endings 135
_x0003_ Molecular events following pulp injury
and repair 138
Functions 139
Inductive 139
Formative 139
Nutritive 139
Protective 139
Defensive or reparative 139
Differences in Primary and Permanent
Pulp Tissues 139
Primary pulp 139
Permanent pulp 140
Regressive Changes (Aging) 140
Cell changes 140
Fibrosis 140
Vascular changes 141
Pulp stones (denticles) 141
Diffuse calcifications 142
Development 142
Clinical Considerations 143
Summary 148
7. Cementum 151
Physical Characteristics 151
Chemical Composition 151
Cementogenesis 152
_x0003_ Cementoblasts 152
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_x0003_Cementoid tissue 155
Structure 156
_x0003_ Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum 156
_x0003_ Cellular cementum 157
Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) 157
Cellular mixed fiber cementum (CMFC) 157
Cellular mixed stratified cementum (CMSC) 157
_x0003_ Differences between cementocytes and
osteocytes 158
_x0003_ Differences between AEFC and cellular
intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) 159
Cementodentinal Junction 160
Cementoenamel Junction 162
Functions 163
_x0003_ Anchorage 163
_x0003_ Adaptation 163
_x0003_ Repair 163
Hypercementosis 164
Clinical Considerations 166
Summary 168
8. Periodontal Ligament 172
Development 173
_x0003_ Development of the principal fibers 174
Development of cells 174
_x0003_ Periodontal ligament collagen fiber
attachment to the root surface 175
Periodontal Ligament Homeostasis 175
Cell Biology of Normal Periodontium 176
Cells 178
_x0003_ Synthetic cells 178
Osteoblasts 178
Fibroblast 180
Fibroblast-matrix adhesion and traction 180
Functions 181
Differences between periodontal ligament
fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts 181
Cementoblasts 182
_x0003_ Resorptive cells 182
Osteoclasts 182
Fibroblasts 182
Intracellular degradation 183
Cementoclasts 183
_x0003_ Progenitor cells 184
Origin of the periodontal stem cells 184
_x0003_ Relationship between cells 185
_x0003_ Epithelial rests of Malassez 186
_x0003_ Defense cells 186
Mast cells 186
Macrophages 187
Eosinophils 188
Extracellular Substance 188
_x0003_ Fibers 189
_x0003_ Collagen 189
_x0003_ Sharpey’s fibers 190
_x0003_ Intermediate plexus 191
_x0003_ Elastic fibers 191
_x0003_ Reticular fibers 193
_x0003_ Secondary fibers 193
_x0003_ Indifferent fiber plexus 193
_x0003_ Ground substance 193
_x0003_ Interstitial tissue 193
Structures Present in Connective Tissue 193
Blood vessels 194
Lymphatic drainage 195
Nerves 195
Cementicles 196
Functions 196
Supportive 196
Sensory 197
Nutritive 198
Homeostatic 198
Eruptive 198
Physical 198
Age Changes in Periodontal Ligament 199
Unique Features of Periodontal Ligament 199
Clinical Considerations 200
Summary 201
9. Bone 205
Classification of Bones 205
Composition of Bone 206
Bone Histology 209
Bone Cells 211
_x0003_ Osteoblasts 211
_x0003_ Osteocytes 213
_x0003_ Osteoclasts 215
Bone Formation 216
_x0003_ Intramembranous ossification 216
_x0003_ Differences between immature bone and
mature bone 217
_x0003_ Intracartilaginous bone formation 217
Bone Resorption 220
Bone Remodeling 222
Alveolar Bone 224
Development of Alveolar Process 224
Structure of the Alveolar Bone 225
Internal Reconstruction of Alveolar Bone 229
Age Changes 231
Clinical Considerations 231
Therapeutic Considerations 233
Summary 234
10. Oral Mucous Membrane 238
Classification of Oral Mucosa 239
Functions of Oral Mucosa 239
Defense 239
Lubrication 239
Sensory 239
Protection 239
Definitions and General Considerations 239
_x0003_ Comparison of oral mucosa with skin and
intestinal mucosa 239
_x0003_ Basement membrane 242
_x0003_ Lamina propria 242
_x0003_ Submucosa 243
Structure of the Oral Epithelium 244
Cytokeratins 244
_x0003_ Keratinized epithelium 245
Stratum basale 246
Stratum spinosum 248
Stratum granulosum 249
Stratum corneum 252
_x0003_ Keratinocytes and nonkeratinocytes 253
Keratinocytes 253
Nonkeratinocytes 253
Melanocytes 253
Langerhans cell 254
Merkel cells 254
_x0003_ Nonkeratinized epithelium 254
Subdivisions of Oral Mucosa 255
_x0003_ Keratinized areas 255
Masticatory mucosa (gingiva and
hard palate) 255
Hard palate 255
Gingiva 259
Blood and nerve supply 263
Vermilion zone 264
_x0003_ Nonkeratinized areas 265
Lining mucosa 265
Lip and cheek 265
Vestibular fornix and alveolar mucosa 266
Inferior surface of tongue and floor of
oral cavity 266
Soft palate 267
_x0003_ Specialized mucosa 267
Dorsal lingual mucosa 267
Taste buds 270
Gingival Sulcus and Dentogingival Junction 271
_x0003_ Gingival sulcus 271
_x0003_ Dentogingival junction 271
Development of dentogingival junction 272
Shift of dentogingival junction 274
Sulcus and cuticles 277
Epithelial attachment 277
Migration of epithelial attachment 278
Development of Oral Mucosa 281
Age Changes in Oral Mucosa 281
Clinical Considerations 282
Summary 284
11. Salivary Glands 291
Structure of Terminal Secretory Units 292
_x0003_ Serous cells 293
_x0003_ Mucous cells 294
_x0003_ Myoepithelial cells 296
_x0003_ Ducts 297
Intercalated ducts 297
Striated ducts 298
Excretory ducts 300
_x0003_ Connective tissue elements 300
_x0003_ Blood supply 302
_x0003_ Nerve supply and pattern of innervation 302
Classification and Structure of Human
Salivary Glands 303
_x0003_ Major salivary glands 303
Parotid gland 303
Submandibular gland 303
Sublingual gland 304
_x0003_ Minor salivary glands 304
Labial and buccal glands 305
Glossopalatine glands 305
Palatine glands 305
Lingual glands 306
Von Ebner’s glands 306
Development and Growth 306
Control of Secretion 307
Composition of Saliva 308
Functions of Saliva 309
Protection of the oral cavity and
oral environment 309
Digestion 310
Mastication and deglutition 310
Taste perception 310
Speech 310
Tissue repair 310
Excretion 311
Clinical Considerations 311
Summary 312
12. Lymphoid Tissue and Lymphatics in
Orofacial Region 317
Introduction to Lymphatic System 317
Types of Lymphoid Tissues 317
Development of Lymph Nodes and Lymphatics 318
Functions of the Lymphatic System 318
Lymph Nodes 318
_x0003_ Anatomy 319
_x0003_ Microscopic structure 319
Cortical (follicle) area 320
Paracortex (paracortical area) 321
Medullary area 322
_x0003_ Immunohistochemistry 323
_x0003_ Lymph sinuses 323
_x0003_ Reticular network 323
Lymphatic Vessels and Capillaries 324
Blood Vessels of Lymph Nodes 325
Clinical Significance of Lymph Nodes 325
Lymph 325
_x0003_ Rate of lymph flow 326
Tonsils 326
_x0003_ Lingual tonsils 326
_x0003_ Palatine tonsils 326
_x0003_ Pharyngeal tonsils 327
_x0003_ Development of tonsils 327
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_x0003_ Functions 327
_x0003_ Clinical significance of tonsils 327
Lymphatic Drainage of Head and Neck 327
Summary 329
13. Tooth Eruption 332
Pattern of Tooth Movement 332
Pre-eruptive tooth movement 332
Eruptive tooth movement 334
Posteruptive tooth movement 335
_x0003_ Animal experimental studies in eruption 335
Histology of Tooth Movement 335
Pre-eruptive phase 335
Eruptive phase 335
Posteruptive phase 338
Mechanism of Tooth Movement
(Theories of Tooth Eruption) 339
Bone remodeling theory 339
Root formation theory 339
Vascular pressure theory 339
Periodontal ligament traction theory 340
Posteruptive tooth movement 340
_x0003_ Cellular and molecular events in eruption 341
Clinical Considerations 344
Summary 345
14.
Shedding of Deciduous Teeth 348Definition 348
Pattern of Shedding 348
Histology of Shedding 351
Mechanism of Resorption and Shedding 355
Clinical Considerations 356
Remnants of deciduous teeth 356
Retained deciduous teeth 356
Submerged deciduous teeth 357
Summary 358
15. Temporomandibular Joint 359
Gross Anatomy 359
Development of the Joint 361
Histology 362
_x0003_ Bony structures 362
_x0003_ Articular fibrous covering 363
_x0003_ Articular disk 364
_x0003_ Synovial membrane 365
Clinical Considerations 365
Summary 367
16. Maxillary Sinus 369
Definition 369
Developmental Aspects 369
Developmental Anomalies 369
Structure and Variations 370
Microscopic Features 372
Functional Importance 375
Clinical Considerations 376
Summary 378
17. Histochemistry of Oral Tissues 380
Overview of Histochemical Techniques 381
Structure and Chemical Composition of
Oral Tissues 382
_x0003_ Connective tissue 382
_x0003_ Ground substance 383
Proteoglycans 383
_x0003_ Cells and fibers 386
Fibroblasts 386
_x0003_ Epithelial tissues and derivatives 386
_x0003_ Enzymes 386
Histochemical Techniques 387
_x0003_ Fixation procedures 387
_x0003_ Specific histochemical methods 388
Glycogen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans 388
Proteins and lipids 389
Enzymes 389
Phosphatases 389
Immunohistochemistry 390
Histochemistry of Oral Hard Tissues 390
_x0003_ Carbohydrates and protein 390
_x0003_ Lipids 392
_x0003_ Enzyme histochemistry of hard tissue 393
Alkaline phosphatase 393
Adenosine triphosphatase 394
Acid phosphatase 394
Esterase 395
Aminopeptidase 396
Cytochrome oxidase 396
Succinate dehydrogenase 397
Citric acid cycle in osteoblasts and
osteoclasts 397
Calcium-binding sites in enamel organ 397
Summary 397
Histochemistry of Oral Soft Tissues 397
_x0003_ Polysaccharides, proteins, and mucins 397
Polysaccharides 397
_x0003_ Proteins and protein groups 398
_x0003_ Lipids 398
_x0003_ Mucins 398
_x0003_ Enzyme histochemistry 399
Alkaline phosphatase 399
Acid phosphatase 399
Esterase 399
Aminopeptidase 399
β-Glucuronidase 399
Cytochrome oxidase 400
Succinate dehydrogenase and glucose
6-phosphate dehydrogenase 401
Enzyme histochemical detection of
lymphatic capillaries 401
Angiogenic factor in inflamed gingiva 402
Laminin-5 402
Clinical Considerations 402
Summary 403
18. Preparation of Specimens for Histologic Study 410
Preparation of Sections of Paraffin-Embedded
Specimens 411
Infiltration of the specimen with paraffin 411
Preparation of Sections of Parlodion-Embedded
Specimens 413
Preparation of Ground Sections of Teeth or Bone 414
Preparation of Frozen Sections 415
Types of Microscopy 415
Summary 415
Index 417
- Edition: 13
- Published: February 10, 2014
- Language: English