Optical Image Formation and Processing

PrefaceNotationChapter 1 Luminous Vibrations 1.1 Monochromatic Light Waves. Temporal Coherence 1.2 The Point Source. Spatial Coherence 1.3 The Vibration Emitted by a Point Source as Received in a Plane Situated at a Distance D from the Source 1.4 The Vibration Emitted by a Point Source as Received in the Focal Plane of a Lens 1.5 Important Comments on the Use of the Preceding FormulasChapter 2 Interference 2.1 Principle of Interference. Coherent Vibrations 2.2 Experimental Conditions Needed to Ensure That Interference Phenomena Will Be Observable 2.3 Nature of the Coherent Sources Used to Give Rise to Interference Phenomena 2.4 Location of Two-Beam Interference Fringes 2.5 Interference Phenomena Produced by Two Coherent Point Sources. Young's Interference Fringes 2.6 Interference Phenomena Produced by an Infinite Number of Coherent, Equidistant, Point Sources (Grating) 2.7 Remark on the Structure of the Fringes 2.8 White Light Interference Phenomena 2.9 Stationary WavesChapter 3 Diffraction 3.1 The Existence of Diffraction Phenomena 3.2 Principle of Huygens and Fresnel 3.3 Simplified Expression for the Amplitude at an Arbitrary Point in the Plane of Observation. Diffraction at Infinity 3.4 Diffraction Pattern at Infinity Due to a Rectangular Aperture 3.5 Diffraction at Infinity by a Thin Slit 3.6 Diffraction at Infinity by a Circular Aperture 3.7 Translation in Its Own Plane of the Aperture Τ Which Delimits the Wavefront 3.8 Diffraction at Infinity by Two Identical Slits 3.9 Diffraction at Infinity by a Large Number of Identical Apertures Similarly Orientated and Irregularly Distributed 3.10 Complementary Screens, Babinet's Theorem 3.11 Elementary Properties of the Correspondence Between the Aperture and the Diffraction Pattern 3.12 Diffraction at a Finite Distance or Fresnel Diffraction 3.13 Fresnel Zone PlateChapter 4 Diffraction Gratings 4.1 Grating Composed of an Infinity of Parallel Slits 4.2 Grating Composed of a Finite Number of Slits 4.3 Blazed Grating 4.4 Construction of Gratings. Ghosts 4.5 Sinusoidal Phase Grating 4.6 Two-Dimensional Gratings 4.7 Diffraction by a CrystalChapter 5 Partial Coherence 5.1 Quasi-Monochromatic Vibrations 5.2 Relation Between the Length of a Wavetrain (Coherence Length) and the Line Width of the Radiation Emitted 5.3 Remark 5.4 Receiver Illuminated by a Thermal Source 5.5 Spatial Coherence in the Young Experiment 5.6 Degree of Coherence of Two Points T1, and T2 Illuminated by the Extended Source 5.7 Contrast of the Interference Fringes in Young's Experiment 5.8 Michelson's Method for Measuring the Apparent Diameter of a Star 5.9 Measurement of the Apparent Diameter of a Star by the Method of Stationary WavesChapter 6 Interference Phenomena in Polarized Light 6.1 Luminous Vibration in an Isotropic Dielectric Medium. Natural Light 6.2 Polarized Light 6.3 Young's Experiment in Polarized Light 6.4 Anisotropic Dielectric Medium. Uniaxial Medium 6.5 Refracted Rays in a Uniaxial Medium. The Plane of Incidence Is Parallel to the Direction of the Optic Axis 6.6 Polarizers 6.7 Path Difference Caused by Traversing a Birefringent Plate Parallel to the Axis 6.8 Interference Phenomena Produced by a Birefringent Plate 6.9 ApplicationsChapter 7 Formation of Images. Filtering of Spatial Frequencies by an Optical Instrument 7.1 Spatially Incoherent and Spatially Coherent Objects 7.2 Image of an Extended Object in Spatially Incoherent Illumination 7.3 Image of an Extended Object in Spatially Coherent Illumination 7.4 Transfer Function of an Optical Instrument. Incoherent Object 7.5 Transfer Function in Coherent Illumination 7.6 Phase Contrast and StrioscopyChapter 8 Holography 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Amplitude Transmitted by a Photographic Plate After Development 8.3 The Gabor Hologram. Case Where the Object Is a Simple Luminous Point 8.4 Reconstruction of the Image of a Luminous Point 8.5 Remark 8.6 Utilization of a Coherent Background Inclined at an Angle. The Hologram of Leith and Upatnieks 8.7 Case of a General Object 8.8 Fourier Holograms 8.9 Phase Holograms 8.10 Reflection Holograms and Holograms in Color 8.11 Computer-Generated Holograms 8.12 Binary Holograms of the Fourier Type 8.13 Holograms at Several Levels. KinoformsChapter 9 Interferometry 9.1 Michelson Interferometer 9.2 Observation of the Fringes of Equal Thickness 9.3 Fringes of Equal Inclination 9.4 Visability of the Fringes of Equal Thickness 9.5 Temporal Coherence 9.6 White-Light Fringes 9.7 Fringes Produced by Transparent Plates 9.8 Diminution or Augmentation of the Reflecting Power by Means of Thin Transparent Films 9.9 Multiple-Beam Interferometers: Fabry-Perot Interferometer 9.10 Interference Filters 9.11 Interference Spectroscopy 9.12 Holographic Interferometry 9.13 Speckle Interferometry 9.14 Measurement of Deformations or Displacements of Diffusing Objects by Speckle Interferometry 9.15 Applications of Interference MethodsChapter 10 Elements of the Optical Processing of Information 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Filtering in Coherent Illumination 10.3 Form Recognition by Means of Autocorrelation 10.4 Autocorrelation Function in a Simple Case 10.5 Detection of Differences Between Two Similar Forms 10.6 Information Storage by Means of Holography 10.7 Attenuation of Noise by Superimposition of Images 10.8 Processing of Images by ComputerChapter 11 The Optics of Lasers 11.1 Beats Produced by Optical Frequencies 11.2 Interference Phenomena Produced by Two Lasers 11.3 Nonlinear Optics 11.4 Intensity of the Electric Field When It Leaves the Crystal 11.5 Method for Increasing the Intensity of the Harmonic. Index Matching 11.6 Second Harmonic and Crystal Symmetry 11.7 Basic Concepts of Optical Communication Using Fibers 11.8 Waveguides and Optical Components 11.9 Coupling Devices in Integrated Optics 11.10 Sources and Detectors in Integrated OpticsAppendix A Review of Some Elementary Concepts Regarding the Fourier Transformation A.1 Definition A.2 Translation A.3 Dilatation A.4 Case of Two Variables A.5 Some Common Fourier Transforms A.6 Useful Relations A.7 Convolution A.8 Transform of a Convolution A.9 Cross Correlation A.10 Autocorrelation A.11 Dirac Distribution A.12 Convolution of a Function F(ζ) with a Delta Function A.13 Calculation of a Convolution and of a Correlation in Two Dimensions A.14 Poisson Distribution of Dirac Comb A.15 Periodic FunctionAppendix Β The Fresnel-Kirchhoff Formula and the Phenomena of Diffraction B.1 The Helmholtz Equation B.2 Green's Theorem B.3 The Helmholz-Kirchhoff Integral B.4 Diffraction by an Aperture Pierced in a Plane Screen. The Kirchhoff Limiting Conditions B.5 Fresnel-Kirchhoff FormulaBrief BibliographyIndex