Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health

1st Edition - June 20, 2014
Editor: Ronald Ross Watson
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 0 1 7 4 - 2
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 0 5 2 7 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 0 5 4 7 - 8

Research has clearly established a link between omega-3 fatty acids and general health, particularly cardiovascular health. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Healt… Read more

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health

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Research has clearly established a link between omega-3 fatty acids and general health, particularly cardiovascular health. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health is the first book to focus exclusively on the role of omega-3 fatty acids on general brain health. The articles in this collection illustrate omega-3 fatty acids' importance in longevity, cognitive impairment, and structure and function of the brain's neurons.

Research has established links between omega-3 fatty acids and the developing brain, aging, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. This book encompasses some of the most recent research, including the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on hippocampal neurogenesis, substantia nigra modulation, migraine headaches, the developing brain in animals, sleep, and neurodegenerative diseases. This collection helps to push research forward toward a complete understanding of omega-3 fatty acids' relationship to brain and neurological health.

Preface
- Fatty Acids and the Brain
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Structural and Functional Neurological Changes
- Fatty Acids and Neurological Outcomes
- Contaminants and their Removal from Fish Oils
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Enhanced Longevity and Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Introduction
- Longevity
- Food Restriction for Enhanced Longevity
- Calorie Restriction for Longevity
- Smoking and Reduced Longevity
- Genetics, a Key Modifier of Longevity
- Genetic Diseases and Longevity
- Genomics
- Environmental Factors and Longevity
- Animal Tests and Longevity
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Longevity
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 2. Molecular Gerontology: Principles and Perspectives for Interventions
- Introduction
- Molecular Basis of Aging
- Genetics, Post-Genetics, and Epigenetics of Aging
- Aging Interventions
- Hormetics, Hormesis, and Hormetins
- References
Chapter 3. Peroxisomal Pathways, their Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Therapeutic Strategies
- Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomal Pathologies
- Leukodystrophies
- Therapeutic Strategies
- Demyelination and Other Leukodystrophies
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 4. Unregulated Lipid Peroxidation in Neurological Dysfunction
- Introduction
- Lipid Oxidation Biomarkers for Neurological Dysfunction
- Lipid Peroxidation Products from Linoleic Acid
- Lipid Peroxidation Products from AA
- Neurological Dysfunction Associated with Lipid Peroxidation
- Mechanisms of Free Radical Production in Neurological Disorders
- References
- Additional References
Chapter 5. Obesity, Western Diet Intake, and Cognitive Impairment
- Obesity and Cognitive Impairment
- Western Diet Intake and Cognitive Impairment
- Summary
- References
Chapter 6. Genetic Risk Factors for Diabetic Neuropathy
- Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications
- Diabetic Neuropathy: General Characteristics
- Risk Factors for Diabetic Neuropathy and pathophysiological Mechanisms
- Genetic Risk Factors for Diabetic Neuropathy
- Potential Use of Genetic Risk Factors in Clinical Practice
- References
Chapter 7. n-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators against Neurological Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation
- Overview
- DHA in the Brain
- EPA-Derived Lipid Mediators in the Brain
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 8. The Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Quality of Life
- Introduction
- Assessment of QoL
- Current Evidence on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and QoL
- Discussion
- Conclusion and Recommendations
- References
Chapter 9. Mammalian Fatty Acid Amides of the Brain and CNS
- Introduction
- The Relevance of the Fatty Acid Amides to Neurological Disease
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 10. Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet and the Impact on the Development of Visual Connections and Critical Periods of Plasticity
- Introduction
- Nutrition and the Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Brain Development
- The Development of Visual Topographical Maps
- Critical Periods for Brain Development
- Role of Omega-3 on Development of Central Visual Connections
- References
Chapter 11. The Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Maternal and Child Mental Health
- Introduction
- The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Neurotransmission
- DHA and Maternal Mental Health
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Child Mental Health
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 12. Pain as Modified by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
- Introduction
- Factors Involved in the Supply and Physiological Function of Fatty Acids in the Brain
- Involvement of Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Their Metabolites in Pain Regulation
- Future Prospects
- References
Chapter 13. Fish Oil Supplementation Prevents Age-Related Memory Decline: Involvement of Nuclear Hormone Receptors
- Introduction
- Effects of Aging on Incorporation of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Brain Phospholipids
- Effects of Aging on DHA Biosynthesis
- Dietary Fish Oil and Prevention of Age-Related Memory Decline
- DHA Improves Synaptic Plasticity During Aging: Involvement of Retinoid X Receptors and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Summary and Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 14. Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health with Special Reference to Clinical Depression
- Introduction
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Status of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Clinical Depression
- Neurological Alterations in Depression
- Possible Mechanisms for Links Between Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression
- Impact of Diet on AHN
- Clinical Trials Supporting the Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in MDD
- Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA from Flax Seed Oil
- Probable Mode of Action of Flax Seed Oil in Depression
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 15. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for Major Depression with Chronic Disease
- Introduction
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Summary
- References
Chapter 16. The Effectiveness of Fish Oil as a Treatment for ADHD
- A Review of the Literature
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 17. Fatty Acids and the Aging Brain
- Introduction
- Physiologic Brain Aging
- Fatty Acids and Brain Aging
- Function of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain
- Sources of Omega Fatty Acids
- Omega Fatty Acid Metabolism
- Pathological Brain Aging
- Protective Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids against Dementia
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 18. Cerebrovascular Changes: The Role of Fat and Obesity
- Introduction
- Vascularization of the Brain
- Effects of a High Fat Diet and Obesity on Overall Health and Proposed Mechanisms
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 19. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Alzheimer’s Disease
- Introduction
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid: a Role in Alzheimer’s Disease?
- References
Chapter 20. Substantia Nigra Modulation by Essential Fatty Acids
- Importance of Essential Fatty Acids as Neuroprotectors During Brain Development and Aging
- Substantia Nigra Vulnerability to Neurodegeneration
- Substantia Nigra Dopamine Cell Populations Display Differential Vulnerability to Lesions
- Repercussion of EFA Deficiency or Supplementation on Midbrain Dopaminergic Systems
- Potential Mechanisms Involved in Substantia Nigra Dopamine Cell Loss Induced by EFA Dietary Restriction
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 21. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Hippocampal Neurogenesis
- Introduction
- Measurement of Neurogenesis (Markers of Proliferation)
- Developmental Neurogenesis
- Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
- References
Chapter 22. Imaging Brain DHA Metabolism in Vivo, in Animals, and Humans
- Introduction
- Quantitative Imaging of Brain DHA Metabolism in Rodents
- Summary and Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
Chapter 23. Obesity and Migraine in Children
- Introduction
- Epidemiological Relationship Between Migraine and Obesity
- Proposed Mechanism for the Relationship Between Obesity and Migraine
- Influence of Weight Loss on Chronic Headache in Obese People and Effects of the Preventive Treatment of Migraine on Weight Change
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 24. Dietary Omega-3 Sources during Pregnancy and the Developing Brain: Lessons from Studies in Rats
- Introduction
- ALA Supplementation and Brain Fatty Acid Composition
- Long-chain Omega-3 PUFA Supplementation and Brain Fatty Acid Composition
- Direct Comparison of ALA and Long-chain Omega-3 PUFA Supplementation on Brain Fatty Acid Composition
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 25. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Behavior
- Introduction
- Epidemiological Studies: The Association Between Omega-3 PUFA Intake, Omega-3 PUFA Levels, and Cognitive Decline
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 26. Lipids and Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Introduction
- Drosophila as a Model System of Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Effects of Lipids and Lipid Signaling on Drosophila Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Points to Consider When Drosophila Models are Used for Studying the Role of Lipids
- Perspective
- References
Chapter 27. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Relation to Sleep Quality and Depression in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome
- Introduction
- OSAHS
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 28. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Intellectual Disability, Schizophrenia, Depression, Autism, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Introduction
- Background
- Plasma Lipids in Adults with Intellectual Disability and the Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Plasma Lipids in Schizophrenia and the Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Plasma Lipids in Depressive Illness and Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Plasma Lipids in Autism and Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Plasma Lipids in ADHD and Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 29. Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Aggression
- Introduction
- First Trial of Omega-3 PUFAs and Aggression in Young Adults
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 30. Multiple Sclerosis: Modification by Fish Oil
- Introduction
- Overview
- Cellular Level of Multiple Sclerosis
- Omega-3 Supplementation of MS Patients
- Varying Results Amongst Researchers
- Summary
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 31. Deuterium Protection of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Lipid Peroxidation: A Novel Approach to Mitigating Mitochondrial Neurological Diseases
- Introduction
- PUFAs in Mitochondrial Membranes and Oxidative Stress
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and PD
- Isotope Protection of PUFAS Against autoxidation
- Yeast Models Confirm the Non-Linear Protective Effect of D-PUFAs in vivo
- Isotope Reinforcement of PUFA in Pre-Clinical PD Modeling
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 32. Obesity, Cognitive Functioning, and Dementia: A Lifespan Prospective
- Introduction
- Weight-Related Variables and Dementia
- Weight and Cognitive Function: Role of CVD Factors
- Initial Summary
- MetS
- Mechanisms: General
- Early Influences on Relations between Obesity and Cognition
- Morbid Obesity and Clinically Important Cognitive Deficit
- Treatment of Overweight and Obesity
- Treatment of Obesity with Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Mechanisms for Reducing Weight Loss
- Methodologies: General Issues
- Final Summary and Conclusions
- References
Chapter 33. Dairy Products and Cognitive Functions
- Introduction
- Review of the Literature
- Early Cross-Sectional and Prospective Research Findings in Associations between Dairy and Cognition
- Discussion
- Summary
- Directions for Future Research
- References
Chapter 34. Obesity and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Kinematic Approach
- Introduction
- Quantitative Movement Analysis
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 35. Fatty Acids and the Hippocampus
- Introduction
- Fatty Acids and Memory/Hippocampus
- Fatty Acids and AD
- General Discussion
- References
- Further Reading
Chapter 36. Fish Oil Supplements, Contaminants, and Excessive Doses
- Introduction
- Mercury
- Lead
- Selenium
- Arsenic
- Cadmium
- PCBs
- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- Dieldrin
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 37. Introduction to Fish Oil Oxidation, Oxidation Prevention, and Oxidation Correction
- Introduction
- Oxidation Process
- Oxidation Indicators
- Oxidation Correction
- Summary
- References
- Further Reading
Index

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health

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Ronald Ross Watson