Oil Spill Science and Technology

Oil Spill Science and Technology, Third Edition delivers a multi-contributed view on the entire chain of oil-spill related topics from oil properties and behaviors to remote sensing through the management side of contingency planning and communicating oil spill risk perceptions. This new edition compiles information on oil spills from a scientific point of view and with new case studies and examples. This book aims to serve both as an authoritative reference for individuals new to the field who need to understand the depth of science going into the fields of oil spill, recovery, assessment, and analysis, as well as those who have years of experience.

Written by over 24 experts in the field, this updated edition combines technology with case studies to identify the current state of knowledge surrounding oil spills that will encourage additional areas of research that are left to uncover in this critical sector of the energy industry.

Oil Spill Science and Technology
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editor
Author biography
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to the history of oil spills
Abstract
Keywords
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Some oil spill perspective from the history of oil production
1.3 Size matters (i.e., matters of size)
1.4 Torpedo Alley and the 1942 German U-Boat Campaign
1.5 The dark horse contender for “the big one”: Lakeview Gusher, 1910
1.6 The “first” oil spill
1.7 “First” spill candidate: The Thomas W. Lawson, 1907
1.8 The apparent first spill “winner”: S.S. Petriana, 1903
1.9 To err is human
References
Chapter 2 Photooxidation of oil at sea—Historical perspective, current state of the science and future direction
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
2.1 Introduction and history of oil photooxidation research
2.2 Mechanism of oil photooxidation
2.2.1 Principle of photochemistry
2.2.2 Precursors and products of oil photooxidation
2.2.3 Photochemical reaction mechanism of oil
2.3 Factors affecting oil photooxidation in the field and laboratory
2.3.1 Oil films
2.3.2 Oil composition and properties
2.3.3 Light source and intensity
2.3.4 Wave energy
2.3.5 Influence of water: Artificial vs natural water
2.3.6 Extrapolating laboratory data to field situations
2.4 Analysis of photoproducts
2.4.1 Bulk oil phase analytical techniques
2.4.2 Molecular analysis of oil residues
2.4.3 Analysis of water phase under an irradiated oil sheen
2.5 Fate and effect of photooxidation
2.5.1 Solubility and volatility
2.5.2 Bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation
2.5.3 Dispersion and dispersibility
2.5.4 Emulsification
2.5.5 Toxicity
2.5.6 Future research needs
References
Chapter 3 How to model evaporation
Abstract
Keywords
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The mechanism of oil and water evaporation
3.3 Development of diffusion-regulated models
3.3.1 Wind experiments
3.3.2 Saturation concentration
3.3.3 Variation with area
3.3.4 Variation with mass
3.3.5 Evaporation of pure hydrocarbons
3.4 Simplified explanation of the differences between water and oil evaporation
3.5 Development of generic equations
3.6 Complexities to the diffusion-regulated model
3.6.1 Oil thickness
3.6.2 The bottle effect
3.6.3 Skinning
3.6.4 Jumps from the 0-wind values
3.7 Use and comparison of evaporation equations in spill models
3.8 Practical guide to including oil evaporation
3.8.1 For very thick layers of oil
3.8.2 Prediction of evaporation using distillation data
3.8.3 Prediction of evaporation using physical oil properties
3.9 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Water-in-oil emulsions
Abstract
Keywords
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Formation of emulsions
4.2.1 The role of asphaltenes
4.2.2 The role of resins and other components
4.2.3 Methods to study emulsions
4.2.4 The overall theory of emulsion formation
4.2.5 The role of weathering
4.3 Models of emulsion formation
4.3.1 Model I
4.3.2 Model II
4.4 Development of an emulsion kinetics estimator
4.5 Model certainty
4.6 Simplified procedures to predict the type of water-in-oil formed
4.6.1 Simple relationships
4.6.2 Double relationships and more complex analysis
4.6.3 Analysis of starting oil properties and water-in-oil types with three-way graphs
4.6.4 Principal components analysis
4.6.5 Use of empirical data
4.6.6 A screening approach using only density and viscosity
4.7 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Chapter 5 Introduction to spill modeling
Abstract
Keywords
5.1 Introduction
5.2 An overview of weathering
5.3 Evaporation
5.4 Water uptake and emulsification
5.4.1 Regression model calculation
5.5 Natural dispersion
5.5.1 Summary of natural dispersion
5.6 Other processes/minority processes
5.6.1 Dissolution
5.6.2 Photooxidation
5.6.3 Sedimentation, adhesion to surfaces, and oil-fines interaction
5.6.4 Biodegradation
5.6.5 Sinking and over-washing
5.6.6 Formation of tar balls
5.6.7 Marine snow formation
5.6.8 Summary of minority processes
5.7 Movement of oil and oil spill modeling
5.7.1 Spreading
5.7.2 Movement of oil slicks
5.8 Spill modeling
References
Chapter 6 Review of oil spill remote sensing: The current state of the art
Abstract
Keywords
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Optical remote sensing
6.2.1 Optical properties of oil
6.2.2 Visible remote sensing
6.2.3 Thermal infrared
6.2.4 Near-infrared
6.2.5 Ultraviolet
6.2.6 Satellites operating in the optical region
6.3 Laser fluorosensors
6.4 Microwave sensors
6.4.1 Passive microwave sensors
6.4.2 Radar
6.4.3 Satellite radar systems
6.4.4 Radar image processing
6.4.5 Ship-borne radar oil spill detection
6.5 Slick thickness measurements
6.5.1 Passive microwave
6.5.2 Acoustic travel time
6.5.3 Visual
6.5.4 Infrared
6.6 Detection of oil in the water column and on the sea bottom
6.6.1 Ultrasonics
6.6.2 Laser fluorosensors
6.6.3 Cameras
6.6.4 Chemical analysis
6.7 Detection of oil with and under ice or snow
6.8 Platforms
6.9 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 7 In situ burning: A summary
Abstract
Keywords
7.1 Introduction
7.2 An overview of in situ burning
7.2.1 The science of burning
7.2.2 What burns and doesn’t burn
7.2.3 Summary of in situ burning research and trials
7.2.4 The Deepwater horizon burn
7.2.5 Burning in different situations
7.2.6 Advantages and disadvantages
7.2.7 Comparison of burning to other response measures
7.2.8 Safety
7.3 Detailed science
7.3.1 Process of burning
7.3.2 Soot formation
7.3.3 Slick thickness
7.3.4 Oil weathering/volatile content
7.3.5 Heavy oils
7.3.6 Oil emulsification
7.3.7 Scale of burning
7.4 Burn emissions
7.4.1 Particulate matter
7.4.2 Organic compounds
7.4.3 Gases
7.4.4 Other compounds and emission factors
7.4.5 The behavior and distribution of emissions
7.4.6 Residue
7.4.7 Safe distances
7.5 Assessment of feasibility of burning
7.5.1 Burn evaluation process
7.5.2 Areas where burning may be prohibited
7.5.3 Regulatory approvals
7.5.4 Environmental and health concerns
7.5.5 Weather and ambient conditions
7.6 Burning on water
7.7 Burning on land, wetlands, and shorelines
7.8 Burning on or in marshes
7.9 Burning in or on ice
7.10 Equipment—Selection, deployment, and operations
7.10.1 Burning without containment
7.10.2 Oil containment and diversion methods
7.10.3 Ignition devices
7.10.4 Treating agents
7.10.5 Support vessels/aircraft for at-sea burns
7.10.6 Equipment checklist
7.11 Monitoring, sampling, and analytical equipment
7.12 Final recovery of residue
7.13 Postburn actions
7.13.1 Follow-up monitoring
7.13.2 Estimation of burn efficiency
7.13.3 Calculation of burning area in a boom
7.13.4 Burn rate
7.14 Health and safety precautions during burning
7.14.1 Worker health and safety precautions
7.14.2 Public health and safety precautions
7.14.3 Monitoring burn emissions
References
Chapter 8 Laser fluorosensors for oil spill detection
Abstract
Keywords
8.1 Principles of operation
8.1.1 Active vs passive sensors
8.1.2 Sensor features
8.1.3 Advantages/disadvantages
8.2 Oil classification
8.2.1 Real-time analysis
8.2.2 Sensor outputs
8.3 Existing operational units
8.3.1 Airborne
8.3.2 Ship-borne
8.4 Aircraft requirements
8.4.1 Power
8.4.2 Weight
8.4.3 Operational altitude
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Shoreline countermeasures
Abstract
Keywords
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Control of a spill at or near to the source
9.1.2 Control on water
9.1.3 Control at the shoreline: Nearshore and onshore protection
9.1.4 Shoreline treatment
9.2 Shoreline Response Programs, shoreline surveys, and the shoreline treatment decision process
9.2.1 Shoreline oiling assessment surveys
9.2.2 A Shoreline Response Program and the shoreline treatment decision process
9.3 Shoreline treatment strategies and techniques
9.3.1 Natural attenuation and recovery
9.3.2 Physical removal
9.3.3 In situ treatment
9.3.4 Chemical or biological treatment
9.4 Treatment by shore type
9.5 Waste generation
References
Chapter 10 Remediation of oiled mangroves: Lessons from the Niger Delta
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mangroves under threat
10.3 Oil toxicity on mangroves
10.4 Previous cases of oil spills in mangroves
10.5 Area description
10.6 Area oiling and mangrove damage
10.7 Habitat status before cleanup
10.8 Cleanup criteria and end points
10.8.1 Application of a grid tracking system
10.8.2 Setting site-specific target levels (chemical) for close-out
10.8.3 SCAT evaluation criteria
10.8.4 Chemical verification sampling
10.9 Cleanup methods considered
10.9.1 Guidelines considered
10.9.2 Consideration of previous mangrove cleanups
10.9.3 Net environmental benefit analysis
10.9.4 Bioremediation considered
10.10 Cleanup methods applied
10.10.1 Summary of method applicability to the project area
10.10.2 Workforce requirements
10.10.3 Finding subsurface oil
10.10.4 Methods applied
10.10.5 Waste quantities and treatment
10.11 Cleanup efficiency verification
10.11.1 Need to repeat cleanup activities
10.11.2 Verification by SCAT visual assessment
10.11.3 Verification by chemical analyses
10.12 Planting considerations
10.12.1 Previous plantings after a spill
10.12.2 Experimental planting in the study area
10.12.3 Plant spacing
10.12.4 Stage of plant development
10.12.5 Fertilizer and insecticides
10.13 Planting methods applied
10.13.1 Where to plant—Applied
10.13.2 Spacing—Applied
10.13.3 Life stage, plant source, and species—Applied
10.13.4 Fertilizer and insecticides
10.14 Planting monitoring and results
10.15 Community discord and security
10.16 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Rapid forensic oil identification by direct analysis in real time (DART) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Background and chemical analysis of oil spill
11.1.2 Current qualitative chemical analysis limitations
11.1.3 A new era in oil spill prescreening and DART/TOFMS overview
11.2 DART/TOFMS discriminate analysis for weathered oil
11.3 DART/TOFMS analysis in unknown spill source identification
11.4 Oil spill forensics gold standard qualitative GC/MS
11.5 GC/QTOF discriminate analysis scenario
11.6 Materials and methods
11.6.1 GC/QTOF summarized analysis conditions
11.6.2 DART/TOFMS summarized analysis conditions
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Fates of petroleum compounds from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Petroleum and spill chemistry primer
12.3 Composition of Macondo well (MW) source oil
12.4 Overview of environmental fates of MW oil
12.5 MW oil fate in the water column
12.6 MW oil fate on the GoM surface
12.7 MW oil fate in coastal environments
12.7.1 MW oil fate on beaches
12.7.2 MW oil fate in salt marshes
12.8 MW oil fate in the deep-water sediments
12.9 Summary, research needs, and perspectives
References
Chapter 13 Bioremediation strategies for diesel-contaminated Antarctic soils
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Context and justification
13.1.2 Objectives
13.2 Antarctic environmental characteristics
13.2.1 Climate and geology
13.2.2 Biodiversity
13.3 Oil spills in Antarctica
13.3.1 Oil-derived fuels used in Antarctica
13.3.2 Types of spills
13.3.3 Environmental effects
13.3.4 Existing treatments
13.4 Regulatory standards in Antarctica
13.4.1 Requirements from the protocol
13.4.2 The Committee of Environmental Protection
13.4.3 Regulation of marine pollution prevention
13.4.4 Recommendations from advisory bodies
13.4.5 Challenges ahead: Annex VI of the protocol
13.5 Bioremediation as an alternative
13.5.1 General concepts
13.5.2 Bioremediation in extreme cold environments
13.6 Assessment of bioremediation effectiveness in Antarctica
13.6.1 Methodologies
13.7 Case studies
13.7.1 Carlini Station
13.7.2 Other cases
13.8 Conclusions and perspectives
13.8.1 Challenges, opportunities and future research directions
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Oil Spill Science and Technology

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Merv Fingas

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