Not Just Bad Kids

The Adversity and Disruptive Behavior Link

1st Edition - January 25, 2022
Editors: Akeem Nassor Marsh, Lara Jo Cox
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 9 5 4 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 9 5 1 - 1

Not Just Bad Kids: The Adversity and Disruptive Behavior Link explores the theory that all behavior makes sense in context. If you understand a person’s frame of reference… Read more

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Not Just Bad Kids: The Adversity and Disruptive Behavior Link explores the theory that all behavior makes sense in context. If you understand a person’s frame of reference – their background, history and experience – you can imagine what might be driving their behavior. The book describes the social, cultural and environmental factors that shape the lives of many youths, including early childhood attachment which sets the foundation for how they interact with authority figures. The book also delves into an explanation of conduct disorder which is characterized by persistent, repetitive behaviors that violate the basic rights of other human beings and break rules.

Studies have shown that conduct disorder affects 1-4% of adolescents in the United States and oppositional defiant disorder is estimated to develop in approximately 10.2% of children. The presence of DBD is also known to be more prevalent in boys than it is in girls. As there is a growing need to understand why children and adolescent exhibit signs of hostility, defiance and isolation, this book is an ideal resource for this timely topic.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Biographies
Nick's words
Nick's world
Chapter 1. Setting the stage—putting kids in context
History of the juvenile justice system in the United States
A better future for justice-involved youth
Nick at family court
Chapter 2. Attachment: theory, application, & clinical tools
Starting at the beginning
Attachment theory and its origins
The nervous system
Attachment and the nervous system
Emotion regulation
Internal working models
Attachment styles and the strange situation
Attachment research
Attachment and trauma
Clinical tools from an attachment perspective
Conclusion
Chapter 3. Defining trauma, adversity, & toxic stress
Defining trauma, adversity, and toxic stress
Trauma versus traumatization
Adversity and toxic stress
Various forms of adversity and their impacts
The impact of trauma
Conclusion
Chapter vignette: the link between adversity and disruptive behavior
Chapter 4. Trauma, adversity, the brain, & the body
Chapter 5. The impact on interactions
Chapter 6. Trauma & externalizing behaviors
The wrong people
Gettin’ by
Doin’ what I gotta do
Reckless shit
Buggin’
My heart cold
Nick in the emergency room
Formulation
Chapter 7. The overlap between trauma & disruptive behavior disorders
Introduction
The “why” of conduct disorder, the reason for behavior: trauma is often the missing piece
Consequences of diagnosing conduct disorder: missing trauma and not treating it
Why isn't trauma considered
Conclusion
Chapter 8. The words we use
Introduction
What’s in a diagnosis?
Race, ethnicity, and culture: developing a common language
Connecting culture and behavior
Are all words created equal?
Social influences on understanding behavior
Deconstructing and reducing the impact of cognitive biases
Creating the labels
Strategies for managing cognitive biases
How is institutional racism operating here?
An overview of disruptive behavior disorders
Conduct disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Trauma-related disorders: DSM IV to DSM V
Discussion of the potential prejudicial effect of certain diagnoses
Prejudicial effects on the child and adolescent
Prejudicial effects on clinicians and the public
Prejudicial effects at the structural and institutional level
Clinical descriptions intersect with racism and classism
Conclusion
Chapter 9. Young kids: The impact of early adverse relational experiences
The role of the therapists in the context of systemic relational trauma
Rosa and how she changed the way she thought of herself
Conclusion
Nick at home
Physical aggression, curfew violation, suspected gang activity
Chapter 10. Kids at home
Introduction
Reactions to trauma
Household-based trauma
Community-based trauma
Conclusion
Nick at school
Police contact
Chapter 11. Kids in school
Why won't they just sit still and listen?!
Well, it worked for me and my parents and my parent's parents
Race, implicit bias, and zero tolerance
Suspensions, expulsions, and root behaviors
Restorative justice: a more compassionate response
Stopping the bad before it starts
Heart-centered communities
Comprehensive behavioral health model: a compassionate community response
The Childhood-Trauma Learning Collaborative: a regional multipartner project
Compassionate and holistic model of mental health treatment for all students
Conclusions: not bad kids, bad environments—that we can change
Nick and the boys
Chapter 12. Kids & their crews
Glossary of terms
Introduction
Friendship
Case vignette: Marcos
Gangs
Case vignette: Ray
Social media
Case vignette: Joel
Romantic relationships
Case vignette: Chauncey
Police
Case vignette: Reese
Conclusion
Nick in foster care
Chapter 13. Kids in foster care
Overview of foster care
Introduction
Foster care entry
Visitation
Permanency planning
What should teams do
Conclusion
Nick in detention
Chapter 14. Kids in detention
Understand the why
Build authentic and appropriate relationships
Highlight the positive
Use silence
Provide choices
Model the behavior you would like to see
Concluding remarks
Nick and Mama J
Chapter 15. Kids and drugs
Opening story discussion
Trauma
Trauma discussion
First hit
First hit discussion
Drugs and mental health in music: 11years old
Drugs and mental health in music discussion
ADHD and addiction
ADHD and addiction discussion
Street pharmacist—“trapping”/“flipping packs”/“drug dealing”
Dealing discussion
Pathway to polysubstance use
Pathway to polysubstance use discussion
Ongoing treatment issues
Ongoing treatment issues discussion
Kids, drugs, and the carceral system
Conclusion (and what could be)
Chapter 16. Kids grown up
Trauma and chronic illnesses of adulthood
Special considerations for subpopulations: substance misuse and adulthood
Attachment and development gone awry in adulthood
Long-term effects of adversity on parenting
Vagabondage and adulthood
Coming of age and incarceration
Special considerations for subpopulations: LGBTQIA+communities
Special considerations for subpopulations: adults and their crews
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Standard management—Part I: Embracing youth & families through Treatment Foster Care Oregon
Introduction
Treatment Foster Care Oregon
A case study—Charles
TFCO research
TFCO in action
Charles's response to his team
Bringing the evidence to life
Charles—day two notes
Day 2 notes from foster parents
Day 2 notes from parents
Charles—after three months
Charles's response to emotion modulation
Charles—after nine months
Charles—entering aftercare
From the Petri dish to the street; a personal view of implementation of TFCO
Community building and engagement
The details of implementation
Feasibility and readiness: preparing a community for success
Cultural responsivity and adaptation
Summary
Chapter 18. Standard management–Part II: Multidimensional interventions for youth with trauma & disruptive behaviors
Systems- and Family-Level Interventions
Individual interventions specific to antisocial personality disorder
Youth-focused interventions specific to disruptive behavior disorders
Youth-Focused Interventions for trauma-related disorders and PTSD
Pharmacotherapy for traumatic stress and conduct/antisocial personality disorders
Considerations for the present and future
Chapter 19. Check your own baggage
Vignettes
Checking your baggage—terminology
How bias and racism affect the minoritized
What we can—and need to—do now
Nick in therapy
Chapter 20. Let's talk about race
Fundamentals
Understanding racism through attachment theory and trauma lens
Racial/ethnic socialization: why the conversation matters
Racial/ethnic socialization: Talking to kids about race/racism
The talk: special considerations for BIPOC youth
Considerations and challenges for multiracial/ethnic youth and ethnically ambiguous youth
Considerations and challenges for white identified/majority culture youth
How to help all kids cope with racial trauma
Antiracism—decolonization—liberation in action
Conclusion
Nick & Mich
Chapter 21. Be a person
Glossary
Index

Akeem Nassor Marsh

Dr. Akeem Marsh has dedicated his career to working with children and families of medically neglected communities. He currently serves as the Assistant Medical Director of the Home for Integrated Behavioral Health – The New York Foundling and as a member of the Verywell Mind Review Board. He also holds a faculty appointment as a Clinical Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the New York University Grossman School of Medicine. He previously served for many years as an Attending Psychiatrist with the Bellevue Juvenile Justice Mental Health Service, providing clinical care to youth in New York City’s juvenile detention system. Dr. Marsh is board-certified in both general and child & adolescent psychiatry. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the prestigious Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education/CUNY School of Medicine at the City College of New York and earned his Medical Doctorate from the SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn/Downstate College of Medicine. He completed both his residency in general psychiatry and his fellowship in child and adolescent psychiatry at the Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell. Dr. Marsh is a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a distinguished fellow of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). He also serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the New York Council on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and on the editorial board of the organization’s newsletter.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Medical Director of the Home of Integrated Behavioral Health – The New York Foundling; Clinical Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY USA

Lara Jo Cox

Dr. Lara Cox is an attending psychiatrist with Correctional Health Services, the division of New York City Health + Hospitals that provides medical and mental health care to individuals incarcerated on Rikers Island. She was previously an attending psychiatrist with the Bellevue Juvenile Justice Mental Health Service, providing clinical care to youth in secure and nonsecure juvenile detention in New York City, and had a dual appointment as a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the Division of Forensic Psychiatry at New York University’s Grossman School of Medicine. She completed her adult psychiatry residency, in addition to her child and adolescent psychiatry and forensic psychiatry fellowships, at NYU. Dr. Cox is board-certified in general, child and adolescent, and forensic psychiatry. She earned her medical degree and a master's degree in clinical research from the University of Pittsburgh, after graduating from Kenyon College with a bachelor's degree with high honors in neuroscience and psychology. She maintains membership in the American Psychiatric Association, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Drs. Marsh and Cox have shared primary interests in terms of clinical care, advocacy, and research, including the nexus of trauma-related symptoms and disruptive behaviors, trauma-informed juvenile justice reform, and antiracism in education and practice. They also have a vision for the future of creating a safe space for and with youth in the community, dedicated to meeting their needs, so kids who too often must fend for themselves will always have a place to go and caring people who will be there for them. Since 2016, Drs. Cox and Marsh have given many presentations on trauma and disruptive behaviors as well as racism in medicine and psychiatry. They have presented both together and individually, to a wide range of local, national, and international audiences.

Affiliations and expertise

Attending Psychiatrist, Correctional Health Services, New York City Health + Hospitals, New York, NY, USA