Newnes Communications Technology Handbook

Preface1 Analog Systems and Concepts 1.1 Amplifiers 1.2 Distortions 1.3 Feedback Amplifiers 1.4 Operational Amplifiers 1.5 Oscillators 1.5.1 Frequency Controlling Elements 1.5.2 Oscillator Circuits 1.6 Parametric Amplifiers 1.7 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 1.8 Power Amplifiers 1.9 Push-Pull Amplifiers 1.10 Stability and Frequency Response 1.11 Miscellaneous Terms 1.12 Useful References2 Antennas or Aerials 2.1 Useful Theoretical Concepts 2.2 Antenna Properties 2.3 Classification of Antennas 2.4 Coplanar Arrays 2.5 Fresnel Zone Plate Antennas 2.6 Miscellaneous Terms 2.7 Useful References3 Audio Signal Processing 3.1 Analog Signal Processing 3.2 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) 3.2.1 Bit Rate Reduction Techniques 3.2.2 8 to 14 Modulation (EFM) 3.3 Miscellaneous Terms 3.4 Useful References4 Bar Code Technology 4.1 Common Code Formats 4.2 Useful References5 Codes and Coding Formats 5.1 Primary Codes and Pulse Shapes 5.2 Secondary Codes and Formats 5.3 Miscellaneous Terms 5.4 Useful References6 Computers in Communications 6.1 Hardware 6.2 Software 6.3 Viruses 6.4 Miscellaneous Terms 6.5 Useful References7 Digital Communication Systems 7.1 Basic Digital Processes 7.2 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) 7.3 Echo Canceling/Suppression 7.4 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 7.4.1 ISDN Access 7.4.2 ISDN D Channel 7.4.3 ISDN D Channel Packets 7.4.4 ISDN System and Interfaces 7.5 Miscellaneous Terms 7.6 Useful References8 Digital Pulse Code Modulation 8.1 Frame Time Multiplexing 8.2 Hierarchy of PCM Multiplexing 8.3 Justification or Bit/Pulse Stuffing 8.4 Signaling Protocol 8.5 Speech Digit Signaling/Bit Stealing 8.6 Data Rates 8.7 Miscellaneous Terms 8.8 Useful References9 Electromagnetic Compatibility/Interference (EMC/EMI) 9.1 Protection and Protective Devices 9.2 Standards and Guidelines 9.3 Techniques of Testing 9.4 Miscellaneous Terms 9.5 Useful References10 Encryption and Decryption 10.1 Key Systems 10.2 Data Encryption Standard (DES) System 10.3 Diffie Hellman Algorithm 10.4 Rivest Shamir and Adleman (RSA) Public Key System 10.5 Security of Encryption Systems 10.6 Voice Systems 10.7 Miscellaneous Terms 10.8 Useful References11 Error Control 11.1 Even and Odd Parity 11.2 Hamming Codes 11.3 Interleaved or Interlaced Codes 11.4 Polynomial or Cyclic Codes 11.5 Recurrent or Convolution Codes 11.6 Specific Decoding Techniques 11.7 Two-Dimensional Coding 11.8 Miscellaneous Terms 11.9 Useful References12 Facsimile (Fax) Systems 12.1 Facsimile Terminal (Description and Operation) 12.2 Signal Compression Techniques 12.3 Standard Groups 12.4 Miscellaneous Terms 12.5 Useful References13 Filters 13.1 Analog Filters 13.1.1 Classical Filter Theory 13.1.2 Modern Filter Theory 13.1.3 N-Path or Comb Filters 13.1.4 Operational Amplifier Filters (Active Filters) 13.1.5 Surface Acoustic Wave Filters (SAWF) 13.1.6 Switched Capacitor Filters 13.2 Digital Filters 13.2.1 Kalman Filters 13.2.2 Non-Recursive (FIR) Filter 13.2.3 Recursive (IIR) Filters 13.2.4 Median Filters 13.2.5 Transversal Filter or Equalizer 13.2.6 Quadrature Mirror Filters 13.2.7 Windows 13.3 Optical Filters 13.3.1 Terminology of Optical Filters 13.4 Miscellaneous Terms 13.5 Useful References14 Frequency Ranges in Use15 Image Processing 15.1 Basic Image Processing 15.2 Image Analysis (Contrast Enhancement) 15.3 Image Processing 15.3.1 Discrete Cosine Transform Coding 15.3.2 Fractal Transform Coding 15.3.3 Motion Compensation/Estimation 15.4 Overlay Techniques 15.4.1 Text or Caption Generators 15.5 Miscellaneous Terms 15.6 Useful References16 Information Theory 16.1 Average Information 16.2 Hartley-Shannon Law of Channel Capacity 16.3 Redundancy 16.4 Miscellaneous Terms 16.5 Useful References17 Logic 17.1 Boolean Logic 17.2 Combinational Logic and Circuits 17.3 Fuzzy Logic 17.4 Sequential Logic 17.5 Miscellaneous Terms 17.6 Useful References18 Measurement of System Parameters 18.1 Analog Systems 18.1.1 CRO Type Measurements 18.1.2 Distortions 18.1.3 Interference Distortion 18.1.4 Noise Measurements 18.1.5 Power Measurements 18.2 Digital Systems 18.2.1 CRO Type Measurements 18.2.2 Distortion, Interference and Noise 18.2.3 ISDN Testing 18.3 Miscellaneous Terms 18.4 Useful References19 Memories 19.1 Magnetic Memories 19.2 Optical Memories 19.3 Semiconductor Memories 19.4 Miscellaneous Terms 19.5 Useful References20 Microwave Devices 20.1 Active Devices 20.1.1 Amplifiers 20.1.2 Diodes 20.2 Passive Devices 20.3 Miscellaneous Terms 20.4 Useful References21 Mixer Signal Processing 21.1 Linear Mixing 21.2 Nonlinear Mixing 21.2.1 Analog Techniques 21.3 Miscellaneous Terms 21.4 Useful References22 Modulation and Demodulation 22.1 Modulation 22.1.1 Analog Modulation (Basic Concepts) 22.1.2 Digital Modulation (Basic Concepts) 22.2 Demodulation 22.2.1 Analog Demodulation 22.2.2 Digital Demodulation 22.3 Modulation-Efficiency Systems 22.4 Miscellaneous Terms 22.5 Useful References23 Networks 23.1 Network Management Systems (NMS) 23.2 Network Topologies and Protocols 23.3 Network Modulators/Demodulators (modems) 23.4 Network Security 23.5 Network Systems 23.6 Recommended Standard (RS) Interfaces 23.7 Standard Interconnects and Internetworking 23.8 Miscellaneous Terms 23.9 Useful References24 Noise 24.1 Classification of Noise 24.2 Hartley-Shannon Channel Capacity 24.3 Noise Parameters 24.4 Noise Spectral Density 24.5 Specific Types of Noise 24.6 System Noise Performance (Friis' Equation) 24.7 Systems Designed to Combat Noise 24.8 Miscellaneous Terms 24.9 Useful References25 Optical Communications, Devices and Systems 25.1 Driver/Source Devices 25.1.1 Lasers 25.1.2 Light Emitting Diodes 25.2 Optical Fibers 25.2.1 Fiber Characteristics 25.2.2 Fiber Technology 25.3 Photodetector/Receiver Devices 25.3.1 Detector/Receiver Characteristics 25.3.2 Detector/Receiver Devices 25.4 Miscellaneous Terms 25.5 Useful References26 Power Supplies 26.1 Batteries and Portable Supplies 26.2 Stabilized/Switched Mode Power Supplies 26.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 26.4 Miscellaneous Terms 26.5 Useful References27 Propagation 27.1 Ionosphere 27.2 Propagation Anomalies 27.3 Miscellaneous Terms 27.4 Useful References28 Quality and Reliability/Quality Assurance (QA) 28.1 Miscellaneous Terms 28.2 Useful References29 Radar and Navigation Systems 29.1 Navigation Systems 29.1.1 Antenna Polar Diagram DF Systems 29.1.2 Decca Navigator System 29.1.3 LORAN-C System 29.1.4 Single Station Locators (SSL) 29.2 Radar Systems 29.2.1 Doppler Shift Equation 29.2.2 Range Equation 29.3 Miscellaneous Terms 29.4 Useful References30 Radio Frequency Receivers 30.1 Basic Superhet Receiver 30.2 Double/Triple Frequency Conversion Receivers 30.3 Figure of Merit 30.4 Frequency Synthesis and Digital Control 30.5 Miscellaneous Terms 30.6 Useful References31 Satellite Systems 31.1 Satellite Services 31.2 Miscellaneous Terms 31.3 Useful References32 Semiconductor Devices and Technology 32.1 Behavior of PN Junctions 32.1.1 Bi-Polar Transistors 32.1.2 Field Effect Transistors (FET) 32.1.3 Integrated Circuits 32.1.4 Thick Film Circuits 32.2 Devices 32.2.1 Diodes and Junctions 32.2.2 Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) 32.2.3 Transistors and Other Devices 32.3 Technology 32.3.1 Comparisons 32.3.2 Other Features 32.4 Miscellaneous Terms 32.5 Useful References33 Signals 33.1 Basic Signal Elements 33.1.1 Bessel Functions 33.1.2 Complex Frequency and Numbers 33.2 Specific Transforms 33.2.1 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) 33.2.2 Fourier Transforms 33.2.3 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 33.2.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 33.2.5 Laplace Transform 33.2.6 Lapped Transforms 33.3 Smith's Charts 33.4 Z and Chirp-Z Transforms 33.5 Miscellaneous Terms 33.6 Useful References34 Spread Spectrum Techniques 34.1 Spread Spectrum Systems 34.1.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Systems 34.1.2 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 34.1.3 Hybrid and Alternative Systems 34.2 Demodulation 34.2.1 Correlation Detection 34.2.2 Costas Loops 34.3 Miscellaneous Terms 34.4 Useful References35 Standards Organizations and Associated Bodies 35.1 Organizations 35.2 Useful Standards Database References36 Telephony and Associated Systems 36.1 Analog Systems and Techniques 36.1.1 Basic Network Structures 36.1.2 Basic Exchange Structures 36.1.3 Centrex Services 36.1.4 FDM Hierarchy 36.1.5 Personal Communications Services (Analog) 36.1.6 Signaling 36.1.7 Stored Program Control (SPC) 36.1.8 Switching 36.1.9 Traffic Parameters 36.1.10 Trunking and Scanning 36.2 Digital Systems and Technologies 36.2.1 Cordless Communications and Telephones 36.2.2 Developing Digital Technologies 36.2.3 Packet Switching and Fast Packets 36.2.4 Paging 36.2.5 Personal and Private Systems 36.2.6 Signaling 36.2.7 Switching (Digital Systems) 36.2.8 X Series Services 36.3 Miscellaneous Terms 36.4 Useful References37 Television Systems and Signals 37.1 Camera and Kens System 37.1.1 Lens Fundamentals 37.1.2 Lens Imperfections (Aberrations and Distortions) 37.1.3 Lens Coatings 37.1.4 Prisms - Color Separation 37.1.5 Zoom Lens 37.1.6 Semiconductor Image Sensors (CCD) 37.2 Current Analog Systems 37.2.1 NTSC System 37.2.2 PAL System 37.2.3 SECAM System 37.2.4 Sampling Problems - Aliasing 37.3 Current Analog/Digital Systems 37.3.1 Multiple sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding System (MUSE or Hi-Vision) 37.3.2 Multiplexed Analog Component Systems (MAC) 37.4 High Definition TV (HDTV) Systems 37.4.1 Analog/Digital HDTV Systems 37.4.2 Digital HDTV Systems 37.4.3 DigiCipher System (General Instruments Corp., USA) 37.4.4 Digital Spectrum Compatible HDTV System (Zenith Electronics Corp./American Telephone & Telegraph Corp. (AT&T)) 37.5 TV Sound Channels 37.5.1 Dolby Adaptive Delta Modulation Digital Audio System 37.5.2 NICAM-728 (near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex) 37.6 Scrambling and Access Control 37.6.1 Access Control 37.6.2 Basic Principles of Scrambling 37.6.3 Practical Systems in Use 37.7 Videoconferencing 37.8 Video-Telephony 37.9 Video-Walls 37.10 Miscellaneous Terms 37.11 Useful References38 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 38.1 Transmission Lines 38.1.1 Primary Line Constants 38.1.2 Propagation Constant and Characteristic Impedance 38.1.3 Reflection Coefficient, Standing Waves and Return Loss 38.1.4 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) 38.2 Smith's Charts 38.3 Waveguides 38.3.1 Cut-off Frequency, Dominant or Fundamental and Second-Order Modes 38.3.2 Resonant Cavities and Waveguide Couplings 38.3.3 Waveguide Parameters 38.4 Miscellaneous Terms 38.5 Useful References39 Videotex(t) 39.1 Closed Caption Transmissions 39.2 Interactive Video 39.3 Teletext 39.4 Viewdata 39.5 Miscellaneous Terms 39.6 Useful ReferencesAppendix 1. CCITT RecommendationsAppendix 2. Abbreviations and AcronymsIndex