Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology

13th Edition - May 29, 2018
Imprint: Saunders
Authors: Michael G. Newman, Henry Takei, Perry R. Klokkevold, Fermin A. Carranza
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
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eBook ISBN:
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From basic science and fundamental procedures to the latest advanced techniques in reconstructive, esthetic, and implant therapy, Newman and Carranza's Clinical Perio… Read more

Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology

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From basic science and fundamental procedures to the latest advanced techniques in reconstructive, esthetic, and implant therapy, Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 13th Edition is the resource you can count on to help master the most current information and techniques in periodontology. Full color photos, illustrations, radiographs and videos show you how to perform periodontal procedures, while renowned experts from across the globe explain the evidence supporting each treatment and lend their knowledge on how to best manage the outcomes. Access to the Expert Consult website provides fully-searchable online chapters and unique case-based clinical scenarios that mimic the new format of credentialing exams. The Expert Consult platform also includes a wealth of resources to enhance understanding, such as: a periodontal pathology atlas, virtual microscope, animations, case reports, videos, audio slides, review questions, reference lists, and much more. It’s the perfect resource for dental students, periodontal residents, and clinicians alike!

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Editors
Contributors
About the Book
About The Authors
Michael G. Newman, DDS, FACD
Henry H. Takei, DDS, MS, FACD
Perry R. Klokkevold, DDS, MS, FACD
Fermin A. Carranza, DR ODONT, FACD
Preface
Acknowledgments
Video Contents
Introduction: The Historical Background of Periodontology
Chapter Outline
Early Civilizations
The Classical World
The Middle Ages
The Renaissance
The Eighteenth Century
The Nineteenth Century
The Twentieth Century
The History of This Book
References
Part 1 Evidence-Based Practice
1 Evidence-Based Decision Making
Background and Definition
Principles of Evidence-Based Decision Making
Evidence-Based Decision-Making Process and Skills
Conclusion
References
2 Critical Thinking
Twelve Tools for Assessing Evidence
Conclusion
References
Part 2 Biologic Basis of Periodontology
Section I Normal Periodontium
3 Anatomy, Structure, and Function of the Periodontium
Oral Mucosa
Gingiva
Periodontal Ligament
Cementum
Alveolar Process
Development of the Attachment Apparatus
External Forces and the Periodontium
Vascularization of the Supporting Structures
References
4 Aging and the Periodontium
Effects of Aging on the Periodontium
Effects of Aging on the Progression of Periodontal Diseases
Aging and the Response to Treatment of the Periodontium
References
Section II Classification and Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases
5 Classification of Diseases and Conditions Affecting the Periodontium
Gingival Diseases
Periodontitis
Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
Abscesses of the Periodontium
Periodontitis Associated With Endodontic Lesions
Developmental or Acquired Deformities and Conditions
References
6 Fundamentals in the Methods of Periodontal Disease Epidemiology
The Need for Epidemiology
Epidemiologic Study Designs
Causes
Diagnosis
References
Section III Etiology of Periodontal Disease
7 Periodontal Disease Pathogenesis
Histopathology of Periodontal Disease
Inflammatory Responses in the Periodontium
Linking Pathogenesis to Clinical Signs of Disease
Resolution of Inflammation
Immune Responses in Periodontal Pathogenesis
Concept of Host Susceptibility
References
8 Biofilm and Periodontal Microbiology
The Oral Cavity From a Microbe's Perspective
Bacteria and Their Biofilm Mode of Living
Characteristics of Biofilm Bacteria (Life in “Slime City”)
Bacterial Transmission and Translocation
Nonbacterial Inhabitants of the Oral Cavity
Microbiologic Specificity of Periodontal Diseases
The Transition From Health to Disease
Virulence Factors of Periodontopathogens
Future Advances in Periodontal Microbiology
References
9 Practical Molecular Biology of Host–Microbe Interactions
Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns
Toll-Like Receptors
Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain–Like Receptors
Complement System
Antimicrobial Peptides
Immunomodulatory Therapies
References
10 Resolution of Inflammation
Inflammation
Acute Inflammation Is Self-Limited
Unresolved Chronic Inflammation in Periodontal Diseases
Systemic Link
Therapeutic Actions of Resolution Mediators
Final Remarks
References
11 Precision Dentistry
Genomic Advances in the 21st Century
Genetic Basis for Individual Differences in Disease Risk
Precision Dentistry: Using Genetics for Personalized Treatment
Acknowledgments
References
12 Smoking and Periodontal Disease
The Smoking Epidemic
Effects of Smoking on the Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Diseases
Effects of Smoking on the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease
Effects of Smoking on the Response to Periodontal Therapy
Effects of Smoking Cessation on Periodontal Treatment Outcomes
References
13 The Role of Dental Calculus and Other Local Predisposing Factors
Calculus
Other Predisposing Factors
References
Section IV Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Heath
14 Influence of Systemic Conditions
Endocrine Disorders and Hormonal Changes
Hematologic Disorders and Immune Deficiencies
Genetic Disorders
Stress and Psychosomatic Disorders
Nutritional Influences
Medications
Other Systemic Conditions
Conclusion
References
15 Impact of Periodontal Infection on Systemic Health
Pathobiology of Periodontitis
Focal Infection Theory Revisited
Evidence-Based Clinical Practice
Subgingival Environment as a Reservoir for Bacteria
Periodontal Disease and Mortality
Periodontal Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, and Atherosclerosis
Periodontal Disease and Stroke
Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus
Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcome
Periodontal Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Periodontal Disease and Acute Respiratory Infections
Periodontal Disease and Asthma
Periodontal Medicine in Clinical Practice
Conclusions
References
Section V Gingival Pathology
16 Defense Mechanisms of the Gingiva
Sulcular Fluid
Leukocytes in the Dentogingival Area
Saliva
References
17 Gingival Inflammation
Stage I Gingival Inflammation: The Initial Lesion
Stage II Gingival Inflammation: The Early Lesion
Stage III Gingival Inflammation: The Established Lesion
Stage IV Gingival Inflammation: The Advanced Lesion
References
18 Clinical Features of Gingivitis
Course and Duration
Description
Clinical Findings
References
19 Gingival Enlargement
Terminology and Classification
Diagnosis
Types of Gingival Enlargement
Other Forms of Gingival Enlargement
References
20 Acute Gingival Infections
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Pericoronitis
Conclusions
References
21 Gingival Disease in Childhood
Periodontium of the Primary Dentition
Periodontal Changes Associated With Normal Development
Gingival Diseases of Childhood
Periodontal Diseases of Childhood
Gingival Manifestation of Systemic Disease in Children
Oral Mucosa in Childhood Diseases
Therapeutic Considerations for Pediatric Patients
Conclusions
References
22 Desquamative Gingivitis
Chronic Desquamative Gingivitis
Diagnosis of Desquamative Gingivitis: A Systematic Approach
Diseases That Can Manifest as Desquamative Gingivitis
Drug-Related Eruptions
Miscellaneous Conditions That Mimic Desquamative Gingivitis
References
Section VI Periodontal Pathology
23 The Periodontal Pocket
Classification
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Histopathology
Periodontal Disease Activity
Site Specificity
Pulp Changes Associated With Periodontal Pockets
Relationship of Attachment Loss and Bone Loss to Pocket Depth
Area Between Base of Pocket and Alveolar Bone
Relationship of Pocket to Bone
Periodontal Abscess
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
References
24 Bone Loss and Patterns of Bone Destruction
Bone Destruction Caused by the Extension of Gingival Inflammation
Bone Destruction Caused by Trauma From Occlusion
Bone Destruction Caused by Systemic Disorders
Factors Determining Bone Morphology in Periodontal Disease
Bone Destruction Patterns in Periodontal Disease
Conclusion
References
25 Periodontal Response to External Forces
Adaptive Capacity of the Periodontium to Occlusal Forces
Trauma From Occlusion
Stages of Tissue Response to Increased Occlusal Forces
Effects of Insufficient Occlusal Force
Reversibility of Traumatic Lesions
Effects of Excessive Occlusal Forces on Dental Pulp
Relationship Between Plaque-Induced Periodontal Diseases and Trauma From Occlusion
Pathologic Tooth Migration
Summary
References
26 Masticatory System Disorders That Influence the Periodontium
Temporomandibular Joint
Muscles and Nerves of the Masticatory System
Centric Relation
Biomechanics of the Masticatory System
Dysfunction and Deterioration
Orofacial Pain
Comprehensive Evaluation
Diagnostic Decision Making
Acknowledgments
References
27 Chronic Periodontitis
Clinical Features
Risk Factors for Disease
References
References
References
28 Aggressive Periodontitis
Overview
Historical Background
Classification and Clinical Characteristics
Epidemiology
Pathobiology and Risk Factors
Therapeutic Considerations in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients
References
29 Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Clinical Features
Microscopic Findings
Patients With HIV/AIDS
Etiology of Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Malnutrition
Conclusion
References
30 Pathology and Management of Periodontal Problems in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Demographics
Classification and Staging
Oral and Periodontal Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Dental Treatment Complications
Gingival and Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal Treatment Protocol
References
Part 3 Clinical Periodontics
Section I Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Plan
31 Levels of Clinical Significance
Tangible Versus Intangible Benefits
Size of the Treatment Effect
Defining Four Levels of Clinical Significance
Summary
References
32 Periodontal Examination and Diagnosis
Overall Appraisal of the Patient
Health History
Dental History
Photographic Documentation
Clinical Examination
Tactile Periodontal Examination
Periodontal Charting
Examination of the Teeth and Implants
Radiographic Examination
Laboratory Aids to Clinical Diagnosis
Periodontal Diagnosis
Assessment of Biofilm Control and Patient Education
Conclusion
References
33 Radiographic Aids in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease
Normal Interdental Bone
Radiographic Techniques
Bone Destruction in Periodontal Disease
Radiographic Appearance of Periodontal Disease
Digital Intraoral Radiography
Advanced Imaging Modalities
Conclusion
References
34 Clinical Risk Assessment
Definitions
Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease
Risk Determinants/Background Characteristics for Periodontal Disease
Risk Indicators for Periodontal Disease
Risk Markers/Predictors for Periodontal Disease
Clinical Risk Assessment for Periodontal Disease
Conclusion
References
35 Determination of Prognosis
Definitions
Types of Prognosis
Factors in Determination of Prognosis
Prognosis of Specific Periodontal Diseases
Determination and Reassessment of Prognosis
Conclusion
References
36 The Treatment Plan
Overall Treatment Plan
Sequence of Therapy
Explaining the Treatment Plan to the Patient
Conclusion
37 Electronic Dental Records and Decision Support Systems
Functionalities and Components Available in Electronic Dental Records
Electronic Dental Record Use in Dental Practices
Future of Electronic Dental Records and Decision Support Systems in Dentistry
References
Section II Management of Patients with Special Needs
38 Conscious Sedation
Rationale for Sedation During Periodontal and Implant Surgical Procedures
American Dental Association Policy Statement and Guidelines for Conscious Sedation
Definitions and Levels of Sedation
Minimal Sedation and Anxiolysis
Moderate Sedation
Sedation Failures
Emergency Preparedness
Conclusions
References
39 Periodontal Treatment of Medically Compromised Patients
Cardiovascular Diseases
Endocrine Disorders
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Renal Diseases
Liver Diseases
Pulmonary Diseases
Medications and Cancer Therapies
Prosthetic Joint Replacement
Pregnancy
Infectious Diseases
References
40 Sleep-Disordered Breathing
New and Evolving Role of the Dentist
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and the Periodontium
Dental Identification of Signs and Symptoms
Sleep, Breathing, and Apnea
Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Treatment Options for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Oral Devices for Mandibular Repositioning
Device Design and Compliance
Conclusions
References
41 Periodontal Therapy in the Female Patient
Puberty
Menses
Pregnancy
Oral Contraceptives
Menopause
Conclusions
References
42 Periodontal Treatment for Older Adults
The Aging Periodontium
Demographics
Dental and Medical Assessments
Periodontal Diseases in Older Adults
Periodontal Treatment Planning
Conclusions
References
43 Treatment of Aggressive and Atypical Forms of Periodontitis
Aggressive Periodontitis
Periodontitis Refractory to Treatment
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Conclusions
References
Section III Diagnosis and Treatment of Periodontal Emergencies
44 Treatment of Acute Gingival Disease
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Pericoronitis
Conclusion
References
45 Treatment of Periodontal Abscess
Classification of Abscesses
Specific Treatment Approaches
References
46 Endodontic-Periodontic Lesions
Factors Initiating Pulpal and Apical Diseases
Classification of Pulpal and Apical Diseases
Biologic Effects of Pulpal Infection on Periodontal Tissues
Biologic Effects of Periodontal Infection on the Dental Pulp
Effects of Endodontic Pathosis on Development of Retrograde Peri-implantitis
Interactions Between Extraradicular Infection and the Periodontium
Differential Diagnosis of Pulpal and Periodontal Infection
Treatment Considerations
Summary
References
Section IV Nonsurgical Treatment
47 Phase I Periodontal Therapy
Rationale
Treatment Sessions
Sequence of Procedures
Results
Healing
Decision to Refer for Specialist Treatment
Conclusion
References
48 Plaque Biofilm Control for the Periodontal Patient
The Toothbrush
Powered Toothbrushes
Dentifrices
Toothbrushing Methods
Interdental Cleaning Aids
Gingival Massage
Oral Irrigation
Caries Control
Chemical Plaque Biofilm Control With Oral Rinses
Disclosing Agents
Frequency of Plaque Biofilm Removal
Patient Motivation and Education
Conclusion
References
49 Breath Malodor
Semantics and Classification
Epidemiology
Etiology
Fundamentals of Malodor Detection
Diagnosis of Malodor
Treatment of Oral Malodor
Conclusion
References
50 Scaling and Root Planing*
Classification of Periodontal Instruments
General Principles of Instrumentation
Principles of Scaling and Root Planing
Instrument Sharpening
References
51 Sonic and Ultrasonic Instrumentation and Irrigation
Power-Driven Instruments: Overview
Mechanism of Action of Power Scalers
Type and Benefit of Power Instruments
Clinical Outcomes of Power-Driven Instruments
Principles of Instrumentation
Home and Self-Applied Irrigation
Mechanism of Action of Irrigation
Clinical Outcomes of Irrigation
Individuals With Special Considerations
Action of a Tip With Filaments Cleaning Around an Implant
Conclusion
References
52 Systemic Anti-infective Therapy for Periodontal Diseases
Definitions
Systemic Administration of Antibiotics
Serial and Combination Antibiotic Therapy
Conclusion
References
53 Locally Delivered, Controlled-Release Antimicrobials
Background and Objectives
Drug Development and Registration
Clinical Use
Case Reports
Conclusions
References
54 Host Modulation
Introduction
Systemically Administered Agents
Locally Administered Agents
Host Modulation and Comprehensive Periodontal Management
Sub-antimicrobial–Dose Doxycycline
Emerging Host Modulatory Therapies
Host Modulation Factors in Systemic Disorders
Summary
References
55 Occlusal Evaluation and Therapy
Pathogenesis
Evidence-Based Decision Making
Terminology
Occlusal Function and Dysfunction
Parafunction
Clinical Examination
Occlusal Therapy
Conclusions
References
56 Orthodontics
Abstract
Keywords
Chapter Outline
Benefits of Orthodontic Therapy
Preorthodontic Osseous Surgery
Orthodontic Treatment of Osseous Defects
Orthodontic Treatment of Gingival Discrepancies
Conclusion
References
Abstract
Keywords
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Implant Interactions in Orthodontics
Conclusion
References
Section V Surgical Treatment
57 Phase II Periodontal Therapy
Objectives of the Surgical Phase
Pocket Elimination Versus Pocket Maintenance
Reevaluation After Phase I Therapy
Critical Zones in Pocket Surgery
Indications for Periodontal Surgery
Methods of Pocket Therapy
Conclusions
References
58 Periodontal and Peri-Implant Surgical Anatomy
Mandible
Maxilla
Exostoses
Muscles
Anatomic Spaces
Conclusion
References
59 General Principles of Periodontal Surgery
Outpatient Surgery
Hospital Periodontal Surgery
Surgical Instruments
Conclusion
References
60 Periodontal Surgical Therapy
Rationale for Periodontal Access Surgery
Fundamentals of Periodontal Surgery
Periodontal Surgical Techniques
Conclusion
References
61 Treatment of Gingival Enlargement
Chronic Inflammatory Enlargement
Periodontal and Gingival Abscesses
Drug-Induced Gingival Enlargement
Leukemic Gingival Enlargement
Gingival Enlargement During Pregnancy
Gingival Enlargement During Puberty
References
62 Resective Osseous Surgery
Selection of Treatment Technique
Rationale
Normal Alveolar Bone Morphology
Terminology
Factors in Selection of Resective Osseous Surgery
Examination and Treatment Planning
Methods of Resective Osseous Surgery
Osseous Resection Technique
Flap Placement and Closure
Postoperative Maintenance
Specific Osseous Reshaping Situations
Conclusion
References
63 Periodontal Regeneration and Reconstructive Surgery
Assessment of Periodontal Wound Healing
Reconstructive Surgical Techniques
Factors That Influence Therapeutic Success
Future Directions for Periodontal Regeneration
Conclusion
References
64 Furcation
Etiologic Factors
Diagnosis and Classification of Furcation Defects
Local Anatomic Factors
Anatomy of the Bony Lesions
Indices of Furcation Involvement
Treatment
Nonsurgical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Prognosis
References
65 Periodontal Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery
Terminology
Objectives
Cause of Marginal Tissue Recession
Factors That Affect Surgical Outcome
Techniques to Increase Attached Gingiva
Techniques to Deepen the Vestibule
Techniques to Remove the Frenum
Techniques to Improve Aesthetics
Tissue Engineering
Criteria for Selection of Techniques
Conclusions
References
66 Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Introduction
General Characteristics of L-PRF Membranes
Extraoral Applications of L-PRF
L-PRF in the Treatment of Periodontal Bony Defects
L-PRF for Ridge Preservation
L-PRF and Sinus Floor Elevation
L-PRF and Implant Surgery
L-PRF for Periodontal Mucogingival Surgery
L-PRF and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jawbone
Initial Observations on the PRF-Block
Conclusions
References
67 Periodontal Microsurgery
Philosophy of Periodontal Microsurgery
Advantages of Microsurgery
Magnification Systems
Microsurgical Sutures
Aesthetic Periodontal Microsurgery
Microsurgical Knots
Conclusions
References
68 Lasers in Periodontal and Peri-implant Therapy
Laser Physics and Biologic Interactions
Laser Applications in Periodontics
Lasers in the Management of Periodontitis
Lasers in the Management of Peri-implantitis
Complications and Risks of Laser Therapy
Conclusion
References
Section VI Periodontal-Restorative Interrelationships
69 Preparation of the Periodontium for Restorative Dentistry
Rationale for Therapy
Sequence of Treatment
Control of Active Disease
Preprosthetic Surgery
Conclusion
References
70 Restorative Interrelationships
Biologic Considerations
Aesthetic Tissue Management
Occlusal Considerations in Restorative Therapy
Special Restorative Considerations
References
71 Multidisciplinary Versus Interdisciplinary Approaches to Dental and Periodontal Problems
Educational Trends Toward Multidisciplinary Specialist Education in Implant Treatment
The Future
Section VII Supportive Care and Results of Periodontal Treatment
72 Supportive Periodontal Treatment
Rationale for Supportive Periodontal Treatment
Maintenance Program
Classification of Posttreatment Patients and Risk Assessment
Referral of Patients to the Periodontist
Tests for Disease Activity
Conclusion
References
73 Results of Periodontal Treatment
Prevention and Treatment of Gingivitis
Prevention and Treatment of Loss of Attachment
Tooth Mortality
Conclusion
References
Part 4 Oral Implantology
Section I Biology, Diagnosis, Biomechanics, and Treatment Plan
74 Peri-implant Anatomy, Biology, and Function
Implant Geometry (Macrodesign)
Implant Surface Characteristics (Microdesign)
Hard Tissue Interface
Soft Tissue Interface
Clinical Comparison of Teeth and Implants
Conclusion
References
75 Clinical Evaluation of the Implant Patient
Case Types and Indications
Pretreatment Evaluation
Risk Factors and Contraindications
Posttreatment Evaluation
Conclusion
References
76 Diagnostic Imaging for the Implant Patient
Standard Projections
Cross-Sectional Imaging
Interactive “Simulation” Software Programs
Patient Evaluation
Clinical Selection of Diagnostic Imaging
Conclusion
References
77 Prosthetic Considerations for Implant Treatment
Implant Considerations
Abutment/Prosthesis Considerations for Single Units
Management of Partially Edentulous Implant Treatment in the Aesthetic Zone
Fully Edentulous: Prosthetic Considerations
Conclusion
References
Section II Surgical Procedures
78 Basic Implant Surgical Procedures
General Principles of Implant Surgery
Two-Stage “Submerged” Implant Placement
One-Stage “Nonsubmerged” Implant Placement
Conclusion
References
79 Localized Bone Augmentation and Implant Site Development
Guided Bone Regeneration
Localized Ridge Augmentation
Alveolar Ridge Preservation/Management of Extractions
Conclusion
References
80 Advanced Implant Surgical Procedures
Maxillary Sinus Elevation and Bone Augmentation
Supracrestal/Vertical Bone Augmentation
Growth Factors in Bone Augmentation
Conclusion
References
81 Aesthetic Management of Difficult Cases (Minimally Invasive Approach)
Surgical Strategy for Predictable Aesthetics
Immediate Implant Placement for Predictability and Aesthetics
Surgical Management of Difficult Cases (Minimally Invasive Approach)
Conclusion
References
82 Dental Implant Microsurgery
Conclusion
References
83 Piezoelectric Bone Surgery
Clinical Characteristics of Ultrasonic Cutting
Clinical Applications
Advanced Clinical Applications
Conclusion
References
84 Digitally Assisted Implant Surgery
Digitally Assisted Implant Surgery
Conclusion
References
Section III Complications
85 Implant-Related Complications and Failures
Definitions of Implant Survival and Success
Types and Prevalence of Implant Complications
Types of Dental Implants
Surgical Complications
Biologic Complications
Complications Related to Augmentation Procedures
Complications Related to Placement and Loading Protocols
Prosthetic or Mechanical Complications
Aesthetic and Phonetic Complications
Conclusions
References
Section IV Supportive Care and Results of Implant Treatment
86 Supportive Implant Treatment
Rationale for Supportive Implant Treatment
Examination of Implants
Assessment of Peri-Implant Health
Implant Maintenance
Treatment of Peri-Implant Diseases
Referral of Patients to the Periodontist
References
87 Results of Implant Treatment
Defining Implant Outcomes
Factors That Influence Implant Outcomes
Aesthetic Results and Patient Satisfaction
Conclusions
References
Part 5 Atlas of Periodontal Diseases
88 Atlas of Periodontal Diseases
Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases
Causes of Periodontal Diseases
Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors
Gingival Diseases Associated With Blood Dyscrasias
Drug-Induced Gingival Diseases
Non–Plaque-Induced Gingival Lesions
Gingival Lesions of Genetic Origin
Gingival Manifestations of Systemic Conditions
Traumatic Lesions: Factitious, Iatrogenic, and Accidental
Cysts and Tumors
Chronic Periodontitis
Aggressive Periodontitis
Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases
Genetic Disorders
Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
Abscesses of Periodontium
Index

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Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology

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Michael G. Newman

Henry Takei

Perry R. Klokkevold

Fermin A. Carranza

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