New Directions in Helping

ContributorsPrefaceContents of Volumes 2 and 3Part I Introduction 1. Recipient Reactions to Aid: The Parameters of the Field The Basic Paradigm The Findings: A Capsule Summary Conceptual Approaches Research Needs Conclusion ReferencesPart II Theoretical Perspectives 2. The Dilemmas of Helping: Making Aid Fair and Effective Forms of Help Fairness and Effectiveness: Competing Goals? Fairness Effectiveness The Compensatory Model—Can it Keep Its Promise? References 3. Four Theoretical Approaches for Conceptualizing Reactions to Aid Equity Theories Reactance Theory Attribution Theories Threat to Self-esteem Toward a Formalized Threat to Self-esteem Model A Formalized Threat to Self-esteem Model Conclusion Reference Notes References 4. Indebtedness as a Mediator of Reactions to Aid Mediators of Reactions to Aid Determinants of the Magnitude of Indebtedness Assessment of the Magnitude of Indebtedness Indebtedness and Inequity Compared Variability in Responses to Indebtedness Applications and Future Directions References 5. Equity Theory and Recipient Reactions to Aid Reactions of Recipients in Reciprocal versus Altruistic Relationships Equity Theory: An Overview The Application of Equity Theory to Helping Relationships Recipient Ambivalence Reactions of Recipients in Reciprocal versus Altruistic Relationships Summary References 6. Social Construction of Helping Relationships Help: From Object to Objectification Help and Its Conjoint Relations Negotiating Reality in the Helping Relationship Post Hoc Reconstruction of Help Inquiry into Reactions to Help ReferencesPart III Individual Differences 7. Recipient Self-esteem and Reactions to Help Introduction Level of Recipient Self-esteem: Conceptual Background Self-esteem and Receiving Help: Evidence for Consistency Self-esteem and Receiving Help: Evidence for the Vulnerability Prediction Consistency versus Vulnerability Revisited: Reconciliation and Integration Concluding Remarks References 8. Developmental Aspects of Recipients' Reactions to Aid Review of the Literature Factors of Potential Significance in Children's Reactions to Aid A Developmental Perspective on Models concerning Reactions to Aid Conclusions Reference Note ReferencesPART IV Determinants of Reactions to Aid 9. The Effects of Help on Task Performance in Achievement Contexts Definitional Issues Predictors of Effectiveness The Effects of Noninstrumental Help on Performance: An Experimental Investigation Summary References 10. When Helping Backfires: Help and Helplessness How Help Undermines Competence and Control Help Orientations and Helplessness Learning Skills Training: Will it Help or Hurt? Clarifying the Causal Impact of Recipient Orientations Strategic Functions of Claiming to Be Helpless Recipient Responsibility, Recipients' Problems, and Help-Orientation Conflict Changing Recipients' Models References 11. Reactions to Aid in Communal and Exchange Relationships Introduction Distinguishing Communal and Exchange Relationships Implications of the Communal-Exchange Distinction for Reactions to Aid Conclusion Reference Note References 12. The Nature of the Help-Related Interchange as a Determinant of a Person's Attitude toward Other Important Preliminaries Determinants of Reaction to Other Conceptual Analyses and Empirical Research Conclusion Reference Notes ReferencesPart V Summary and Implications 13. Some Thoughts about Research on Reactions to Help The Possible Role of Cultural Influences The Multiple Determination of Social Behavior References to Normative Influences On the Role of the Self-concept ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index