Neutron and X-ray Optics
- 1st Edition - February 20, 2013
- Latest edition
- Author: Jay Theodore Cremer Jr.
- Language: English
Covering a wide range of topics related to neutron and x-ray optics, this book explores the aspects of neutron and x-ray optics and their associated background and applications in… Read more
Covering a wide range of topics related to neutron and x-ray optics, this book explores the aspects of neutron and x-ray optics and their associated background and applications in a manner accessible to both lower-level students while retaining the detail necessary to advanced students and researchers. It is a self-contained book with detailed mathematical derivations, background, and physical concepts presented in a linear fashion. A wide variety of sources were consulted and condensed to provide detailed derivations and coverage of the topics of neutron and x-ray optics as well as the background material needed to understand the physical and mathematical reasoning directly related or indirectly related to the theory and practice of neutron and x-ray optics. The book is written in a clear and detailed manner, making it easy to follow for a range of readers from undergraduate and graduate science, engineering, and medicine. It will prove beneficial as a standalone reference or as a complement to textbooks.
- Supplies a historical context of covered topics.
- Detailed presentation makes information easy to understand for researchers within or outside the field.
- Incorporates reviews of all relevant literature in one convenient resource.
Advanced students and researchers in x-ray, gamma, and neutron sciences as well as in general physics and astronomy, bioengineering, and biophysics.
1. Introduction
1.1 Refractive Index for Neutrons and X-rays
1.2 CRLs—Thin-Lens Approximation: Focal Length, Ray Path Lengths, and Attenuation
1.3 CRL Arrays
1.4 Integration on the Complex Plane—Cauchy–Riemann Theorem, Cauchy Integration, and Residues
1.5 Derivation of the Complex Refractive Index of Material Medium (e.g., Lenses) Based on the Rayleigh Scatter of X-rays and Gammas
1.6 Refractive of Gammas via Rayleigh and Delbrück Scatter
1.7 Historical Introduction to Gamma Lenses—The Dirac Equation and the Delbrück Effect
References
2. Neutron Refractive Index in Materials and Fields
2.1 Calculation of General Refractive Decrement for Material or Magnetic Media
2.2 Comparison of the Electron, Neutron, X-ray, and Light Refractive Index
2.3 Neutron Decrement for Composite Materials, and Neutron Refraction Due to Decrement Gradient
2.4 Neutron Decrement and Refractive Index in a Gravitational Field
2.5 Neutron Spin and Magnetic Dipole Moment Vectors in Applied Magnetic Fields
2.6 Potential Energy, Force, and Decrement for Neutrons in Applied Magnetic Fields
2.7 The Bloch Equation and Neutron Precession in an Applied Magnetic Field
2.8 Temperature Effect on Neutron Spin and Magnetic Dipole Moment Orientation in an Applied Magnetic Field
2.9 The Bloch Equation and the Lorentz Force Equation
2.10 Average Spin Polarization of a Neutron in an Applied Magnetic Field
2.11 Equation of Motion of the Expected Value of the Neutron Spin Vector in an Applied Magnetic Field
2.12 Expected Values of Quantum Mechanical Quantities Follow Classical Trajectories
2.13 Average Spin Polarization of a Beam of Neutrons in an Applied Magnetic Field
2.14 Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Polarization Rotation About Magnetic Field Lines That Change Direction
2.15 Magnetic Resonance
2.16 Ferromagnetic Materials—Domains, Magnetization, Permeability, Susceptibility
2.17 Law of Refraction of Magnetic Field Lines
2.18 Ferromagnetic Materials with Applied Magnetic Fields and the Hysteresis Loop
2.19 Calculation of the Magnetization Vector from Unpaired Atomic Electron Magnetic Dipole Moments
2.20 Calculation of the Tangential Component of the Magnetization Vector from Magnetic Field Boundary Conditions
2.21 Calculation of the Neutron Potential Energy and Magnetic Scatter Length from the Tangential Component of the Magnetization Vector
2.22 Refractive Decrement and Index for a Neutron in a Ferromagnetic Material
References
3. Magnetic Neutron Scatter from Magnetic Materials
3.1 Partial Differential Cross Section for Neutron Scatter in Magnetic Materials
3.2 The Transition Matrix Element for Neutron Magnetic Scatter
3.3 Boltzmann Thermal Distribution of Initial Scatter System States
3.4 Magnetic Fields of Unpaired Atomic Electrons in Magnetic Materials
3.5 Neutron Magnetic Potential Energy due to the Total Electron Magnetic Dipole Moment
3.6 Neutron Magnetic Potential Energy Due to the Electron Spin Magnetic Dipole Moment
3.7 Neutron Magnetic Potential Energy Due to the Electron Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment
3.8 Evaluation of the Matrix Element for the Neutron Magnetic Potential Energy
3.9 Electron Magnetic Dipole Moment Operator for Unpaired Atomic Electrons
3.10 Magnetic Dipole Moment Operator and Magnetization Vector—the Spin Component
3.11 Magnetic Dipole Moment Operator and Magnetization Vector—the Orbital Component
3.12 Magnetic Dipole Moment Operator Relation with Magnetization Vector
3.13 Evaluation of the Neutron Magnetic Potential Energy Operator
3.14 Evaluation of Transition Matrix Element with Neutron Spin Eigenstates
3.15 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section Expressed by a Magnetization Vector
3.16 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section Expressed by Electron Spin Density
3.17 Magnetization Determined from Measuring Bragg Peak Intensity
References
4. LS Coupling Basis for Magnetic Neutron Scatter
4.1 Summation and Coupling of Atomic Electron Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum
4.2 Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum in Two- and Three-Electron Atoms
4.3 Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum for an N-Electron Atom
4.4 LS Coupling and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
4.5 Eigenfunctions and the Schrödinger Equation for a Two-Electron Atom
4.6 Antisymmetric and Symmetric Eigenfunctions Describe an Identical Electron Pair
4.7 Two-Electron Atom—Symmetric Spatial and Antisymmetric Spin Components
4.8 Two-Electron Atom—Antisymmetric Spatial and Symmetric Spin Components
4.9 N-Electron System Described by an Antisymmetric Total Eigenfunction
4.10 The Physical Basis of LS Coupling of Electron Spin and Orbital Motion
4.11 Derivation of Thomas Precession Factor for LS Coupling
4.12 An Alternative Derivation of the Thomas Precession Factor
4.13 Quenching of an Electron Orbital Momentum in a Crystal
4.14 Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Materials
References
5. LS-Coupled, Localized Electron, Magnetic Scatter of Neutrons
5.1 Heitler–London Model for Neutron Scatter by Magnetic Materials
5.2 Evaluation of the Unpaired, Atomic Electron, Magnetic Dipole Moment Transition Matrix Element
5.3 The Magnetic Form Factor
5.4 Partial and Differential Cross Section Expressions for a Quenched Magnetic Crystal
5.5 Evaluation of Partial and Differential Cross Section Expressions for a Quenched Magnetic Crystal—Separation of Unpaired, Atomic Electron Spatial and Spin Components
5.6 Evaluation of the Thermal Average of Initial State, Unpaired, Atomic Electron Positions
5.7 Partial Differential Cross Section for the LS-Coupled, Heitler–London Model in a Quenched Crystal with Unpaired, Localized Atomic Electron Spin
5.8 Partial Differential Cross Section for an LS-Coupled, Heitler–London Model in a Quenched Crystal with Unpaired, Localized Atomic Electron Spin and Orbital Current
5.9 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for an LS-Coupled, Heitler–London Model in a Quenched Crystal with Unpaired, Localized Atomic Electron Spin and Orbital Current
5.10 Expression of Partial Differential Cross Section by Intermediate Correlation Function
References
6. Magnetic Scatter of Neutrons in Paramagnetic Materials
6.1 General Expression for Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Paramagnetic Material in an Applied Magnetic Field
6.2 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Paramagnetic Material in an Applied Magnetic Field Expressed by the Total Spin Quantum Number for a Paramagnetic Atom
6.3 Coherent, Differential Cross Section for Elastic Neutron Scatter in Paramagnetic Material—With an Applied Magnetic Field at Low and High Temperatures
6.4 Coherent, Differential Cross Section for Elastic Neutron Scatter in Paramagnetic Material—No Applied Magnetic Field
6.5 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Scatter of Neutron Spin States from Localized Electrons in Paramagnetic Materials—No Applied Magnetic Field
References
7. Neutron Scatter in Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, and Helical Magnetic Materials
7.1 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Magnetic Neutron Scatter in Ferromagnetic Materials—Localized Unpaired Electrons
7.2 Antiferromagnetic Materials—Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Neutron Scatter from Localized Unpaired Electrons
7.3 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Magnetic and Nuclear Scatter of Neutron Spin States in a Bravais-Lattice Ferromagnetic Crystal—Localized Unpaired Electrons
7.4 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Magnetic and Nuclear Scatter of Neutron Spin States in a Non-Bravais-Lattice Ferromagnetic Crystal—Localized Unpaired Electrons
7.5 Production and Measurement of Polarized Neutrons by Ferromagnetic Materials
7.6 General Expression for the Coherent Differential Cross Section for Nuclear and Magnetic Elastic Scatter of Neutron Spin States in Ferromagnetic Materials—Localized or Delocalized Unpaired Electrons
7.7 Polarized Neutrons by Grazing Incidence Reflection via Nuclear Scatter of Neutron Spin States in Ferromagnetic Materials
7.8 Coherent, Elastic Differential Cross Section for Scatter of Neutron Spin States from Magnetic Materials with Helical-Oriented, Localized, Unpaired Electron Spins
References
8. Coherent, Inelastic, Magnetic Neutron Scatter, Spin Waves, and Magnons
8.1 Electron Spin, Magnetic Dipole Moment, and Precession in Applied Magnetic Field
8.2 No Magnetic Field—Unpaired Electron Spins Tend to Align in the Same Direction
8.3 Heisenberg Model of Unpaired Electron Spin in Magnetic Materials
8.4 Physical Basis of Exchange Integral in the Heisenberg Model
8.5 Expression of the Heisenberg Hamiltonian by Spin Operators
8.6 Ferromagnetic Materials—Spin Waves, Dispersion Relation, and Magnons
8.7 Antiferromagnetic Materials—Spin Wave Dispersion Relation
8.8 Exchange and Anisotropy Energy and Domain Formation in Magnetic Materials
8.9 Hamiltonian Eigenequation for 1-D Ferromagnetic Spin Lattice
8.10 Spin and Spin Deviation Operators, Creation and Annihilation Operators, Holstein–Primakoff Transformations, and Linear Approximation of Heisenberg Hamiltonian
8.11 Application of the Bloch Theorem to Express Creation and Annihilation Operators
8.12 The Heisenberg Hamiltonian Expressed as a Sum of Harmonic Oscillators
8.13 Coherent, Inelastic Partial Differential Cross Section for One-Magnon Absorption or Emission for Neutron Scatter in a Ferromagnetic Crystal
8.14 Coherent Inelastic Neutron Scatter—One-Magnon Exchange in Ferromagnetic Material
8.15 Integral Expression for Temperature Dependence of Spin and Magnetization in a Ferromagnetic Crystal Based on the Planck Distribution
8.16 Evaluation of Low-Temperature Spin and Magnetization of the Integral Expression for a Cubic Ferromagnetic Crystal— Dependence
8.17 Magnon Population Low-Temperature Dependence in a Ferromagnetic Cubic Crystal
References
9. Coherent, Elastic Scatter of Neutrons by Atomic Electric Field
9.1 Spin–Orbit Electric Field Scatter of Neutrons
9.2 Foldy Electric Field Scatter of Neutrons
9.3 Scatter of Neutrons by Nuclear and Electric Field Interactions in a Non-Bravais Lattice Crystal
References
10. Diffractive X-ray and Neutron Optics
10.1 Derivation of Helmholtz–Kirchhoff Integral Theorem
10.2 Derivation of the Kirchhoff–Fresnel Diffraction Equation
10.3 The Obliquity Factor in the Kirchhoff–Fresnel Diffraction Equation
10.4 The Paraxial Approximation Applied to the Kirchhoff–Fresnel Diffraction Equation
10.5 Fraunhofer Diffraction of X-rays or Neutrons from a Rectangular Aperture
10.6 Fraunhofer Diffraction of X-ray or Neutron Line Source by a Parallel Single Slit
10.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction of X-ray or Neutron Line Source by a Parallel Slit Pair
10.8 Fraunhofer Diffraction of an X-ray or a Neutron Line Source from N Parallel Slits
10.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction from Gratings Is Archetype for Coherent, Elastic Scatter of X-ray or Neutrons from Material Lattices
10.10 Abbe Theory of Imaging Applied to X-rays or Neutrons
10.11 Fraunhofer Diffraction of X-rays or Neutrons from a Circular Aperture
10.12 Huygens–Fresnel Approach: The Kirchhoff Equation for a Compound Refractive Lens with X-rays or Neutrons
10.13 Compound Refractive Fresnel Lens for X-rays and Neutrons
10.14 Fresnel Diffraction of X-rays or Neutrons from a Circular Aperture
10.15 Fresnel Diffraction of X-rays or Neutrons from a Rectangular Aperture
10.16 Fresnel Diffraction of X-rays or Neutrons from a Knife Edge
10.17 Fresnel Zone Plates (FZP) for X-rays or Neutrons
10.18 X-ray or Neutron Achromat Fabricated from FZPs and CRLs
10.19 The Helmholtz Differential Equation for X-rays and Neutrons
10.20 Derivation of the Helmholtz Paraxial Equation for a Gaussian, Spherical X-ray Laser Beam
10.21 Solution of the Helmholtz Paraxial Equation for a Gaussian, Spherical X-ray Laser Beam
References
11. Kirchhoff Equation Solution for CRL, Pinhole, and Phase Contrast Imaging
11.1 Kirchhoff Equation with a 1-D Biconcave, Parabolic, or Spherical CRL and Thin-Sample Approximation for X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.2 Derivation of Kirchhoff Equation with a 2-D Biconcave Parabolic or Spherical CRL for X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity—Thick Sample
11.3 Biconcave, Parabolic CRL—Image Amplitude Distribution for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.4 Point Spread Function (PSF) of the Biconcave, Parabolic CRL for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.5 PSF of a Pinhole for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.6 The Modulation Transfer Function
11.7 The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) with a Biconcave, Parabolic CRL for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.8 Field of View (FOV) with a Biconcave, Parabolic CRL for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.9 Image Intensity Distribution of a Biconcave, Parabolic CRL for Coherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.10 Biconcave, Parabolic CRL Image Intensity Distribution for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity—Coherent Amplitude Cross Terms Set to Zero
11.11 Without CRL—Phase Contrast Imaging for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
11.12 Special Case of a Merged Object Plane and Source Plane
11.13 Stationary Phase Approach Applied to an Image Amplitude Integral of a Spherical, Biconcave CRL for Incoherent X-rays or Neutrons with Gravity
References
12. Electromagnetic Fields of Moving Charges, Electric and Magnetic Dipoles
12.1 Maxwell’s Equations and the Lienard–Wiechert Potentials
12.2 The Lorentz Gauge and the Helmholtz Theorem
12.3 Calculation of Scalar and Vector Potentials of an Oscillating Electric Dipole
12.4 Calculation of a Magnetic Field of an Oscillating Electric Dipole via the Vector Potential
12.5 Calculation of the Electric Field Emitted from an Oscillating Electric Dipole
12.6 Conversion of Electric and Magnetic Fields from MKS Units to CGS Units
12.7 Near- and Far-Zone Electric Fields and Power Emission from an Oscillating Electric Dipole
12.8 Frequency and Wave-Number Domain Expressions for Electric and Magnetic Fields Emission and Power from the Oscillating Electric Dipole
12.9 Binomial Expansion of the Vector Potential of a Moving Charge Includes Contributions from Electric and Magnetic Dipole and Electric Quadrupole Moments
12.10 Transformation of the Fields and Vector Potential of the Electric Dipole to the Magnetic Dipole
12.11 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Power Emission from an Oscillating Magnetic Dipole
12.12 Derivation of the Electric Field of a Charge in Arbitrary Motion from Lienard–Wiechert Potentials
12.13 Derivation of the Magnetic Field of a Charged Particle in Arbitrary Motion from Lienard–Wiechert Potentials
12.14 Poynting Vector and Electromagnetic Energy Radiated from an Arbitrary Accelerated Charge per Solid Angle per Frequency Interval
12.15 Calculation of the Electron Trajectory in Synchrotron Ring Insertion Devices
12.16 Simplified Velocity-Dependent Expression for the per Solid Angle Frequency Spectrum Emitted by Accelerated Charged Particles
12.17 Bremsstrahlung and Electromagnetic Wave Polarization
12.18 Net Neutron Magnetic Dipole Moment Produced in an Ultracold Neutron Population with Applied Magnetic Field, and Possibilities for Population Inversion
12.19 Energy Radiated per Solid Angle for a Moving Magnetic Dipole Moment of Neutrons and Charged Particles
12.20 Relation of a Magnetization Vector of a Moving Charge with a Polarization Vector of a Stationary Charge
References
13. Special Relativity, Electrodynamics, Least Action, and Hamiltonians
13.1 Special Relativity—Minkowski Space and Invariant Space–Time Distance
13.2 Special Relativity—Length Contraction
13.3 Special Relativity—Time Dilation
13.4 Special Relativity—Lorentz Transformation of Space–Time Position
13.5 Special Relativity—Lorentz Transformation with Position and Velocity Four-Vectors
13.6 Special Relativity—Four-Vector and Lorentz Transformation Representation in Minkowski Space
13.7 Special Relativity—Velocity, Mass, Momentum, and Energy
13.8 Radiated Power from an Accelerated Charge Moving at Nonrelativistic Velocity via the Nonrelativistic Larmor Formula and Lorentz Transformation at an Instant of Time
13.9 Special Relativity—Electromagnetic Four-Vectors
13.10 Special Relativity—Electromagnetic Fields and Potentials as Four-Vectors
13.11 Special Relativity—The Electromagnetic Field Tensor
13.12 The Maxwell Stress Tensor
13.13 Force Density and the Maxwell Stress Tensor
13.14 The Principle of Least Action and the Lagrangian Yields Euler–Lagrange Equations
13.15 Derivation of the Hamiltonian from the Lagrangian
13.16 Derivation of the Lagrangian for Relativistic Charged Particle in an Electromagnetic Field
13.17 Euler–Lagrange Equation for Langrangian Density for Real Scalar Fields
References
14. The Klein–Gordon and Dirac Equations
14.1 Relativistic Correct Schrödinger Wave Equation—the Klein–Gordon Equation
14.2 The Dirac Wave Equation for Spin 1/2 Particles—Overview
14.3 Derivation of the Dirac Equation that Predicts Correct LS Coupling Term for Unpaired Atomic Electrons in Magnetic Neutron Scatter
14.4 Solution of the Dirac Equation for a Free Particle
14.5 A Useful Vector Property with the Pauli Spin Matrix
14.6 Dirac Equation for Bound Electron–Proton Interaction—The Basis of LS Coupling
14.7 Second Term of the Dirac Equation for Bound Electron–Proton Interaction that Includes an LS Coupling Term
14.8 Third Term of the Dirac Equation for Bound Electron–Proton Interaction
14.9 Magnetic Field of a Proton Current in an Electron Rest Frame Expressed by the Proton Magnetic Dipole Moment Vector and Electron Orbit Radius
14.10 Evaluated Dirac Equation for Bound Electron–Proton Interaction that Predicts LS Coupling and Hyperfine Interactions
14.11 Equation of Motion for Electron Spin, Orbital, and Total Angular Momentum Vectors
14.12 Derivation of the Dirac Equation for the Hydrogen Atom—Step 1: Evaluation of in the Dirac Hamiltonian
14.13 Derivation of the Dirac Equation for the Hydrogen Atom—Step 2: Evaluation of in a Dirac Hamiltonian Term
14.14 Derivation of the Dirac Equation for a Hydrogen Atom—Step 3: Introduction of the Squared Angular Momentum Operator in a Dirac Hamiltonian
14.15 Derivation of the Dirac Equation for a Hydrogen Atom—Step 4: Obtain a Pair of Coupled First-Order Differential Equations from the Developed Dirac Hamiltonian
14.16 Asymptotic Solution—A Coupled, Dirac Eigenequation Pair for the Hydrogen Atom
14.17 Regular Solution of the Coupled, Dirac Eigenequation Pair and Electron Energy Formula for the Hydrogen Atom
14.18 Quantum Number Relationships in the Dirac Electron Energy Formula for a Hydrogen Atom
14.19 The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Potential
References
15. Neutron and X-ray Optics in General Relativity and Cosmology
15.1 Special and General Relativity—History and Relation to Neutron and X-ray Optics
15.2 Equivalence Principle, Manifolds, Parallel Vector Translation, and Covariant Derivatives
15.3 Surfaces and Gauss’s Remarkable Theorem, Gaussian Curvature, and Metric Coefficients
15.4 Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
15.5 Metric Tensor and Invariant Distance in Coordinate System Transformations
15.6 Metric Tensor and Invariant Area and Volume in Coordinate System Transformations
15.7 Curvilinear Coordinate Systems and the Jacobian Determinant
15.8 Metric Coefficients, Jacobian Determinant, and Cartesian-to-Curvilinear Coordinate System Transformation
15.9 Variation of Physical Quantity by Displacement—Scalar and Vector Fields
15.10 Invariance, Summation Convention, and Contravariant Vectors
15.11 Natural Basis Vectors are Tangent to Surfaces in a Contravariant Vector Space
15.12 Geometric View of Contravariant Representation of a Vector
15.13 Geometric View of Covariant (Dual) Representation of a Vector
15.14 Covariant Vectors Transformation Is Similar to the Gradient of a Scalar Function
15.15 Dual Basis Vectors are Normal to Surfaces in the Covariant Vector Space
15.16 Covariant and Contravariant Tensors, Pseudo and Polar Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors
15.17 Natural and Dual Basis Vectors are Reciprocals
15.18 Natural and Dual Basis Vectors and the Metric Tensor
15.19 Differentials in Curvilinear Coordinates, Curved Surfaces, and Parallel Transport
15.20 Absolute and Covariant Derivatives of Vectors with Contravariant Representation
15.21 Absolute and Covariant Derivatives of Vectors and Tensors with Covariant Representation
15.22 Geodesic Curves and Connection Coefficients Expressed by a Metric Tensor
15.23 Gradient of a Vector in Curvilinear Coordinates
15.24 Cylindrical Coordinate System—Covariant and Contravariant Metric Coefficients and Connection Coefficients
15.25 Spherical Coordinate System—Covariant and Contravariant Metric Coefficients and Connection Coefficients
15.26 Newton’s Laws and Maxwell’s Equations in General Relativity
15.27 The Curvature, Ricci, and Einstein Tensors and the Curvature or Ricci Scalar
15.28 The Stress Tensor, Universe Fluid Model, and the Equation of Continuity and Motion
15.29 Einstein Field Equations
15.30 Hilbert Derived Einstein Field Equations from the Principle of Least Action
15.31 Gravity Waves Derived from Linearized Einstein Field Equations for the Weak Gravity Condition
15.32 Schwarzschild Solution to Einstein Field Equations and Experimental Predictions
15.33 The Friedmann Equation and Cosmological Issues
References
16. Radiation Imaging Systems and Performance
16.1 Liouville’s Theorem, the Vlasov Equation, and the Continuity Equation
16.2 Fraction of Source Intensity Intercepted and Focused by Lens
16.3 Depth of Field of a Lens
16.4 Radiation Dose Rate and Radiation Shielding
16.5 Imaging System Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
16.6 Rose Model, Contrast, Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE), and Noise Power Spectrum (NPS)
16.7 Derivation of DQE from NPS, Contrast, Gain, and MTF
16.8 Criteria for Sample Feature Imaging
16.9 Imaging System Performance—Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), Positive and Negative Likelihood, and Positive and Negative Predictive Value Curves
16.10 Reliable Detection of a Signal in the Presence of Background and Noise
References
17. Neutron and Charged Particle Magnetic Optics
17.1 Charged Particle Motion in Axial Symmetric Magnetic Field—Busch’s Theorem
17.2 Paraxial Ray Equation and Focusing of Charged Particles by an Axial Symmetric Magnetic Field
17.3 Paraxial Ray Equation for Azimuthally Symmetric Magnetic and Electric Fields and Busch’s Theorem Derived from the Least-Action Principle
17.4 Multipole Magnetic Fields and Lenses for Charged Particles
17.5 FODO Quadrupole Magnetic Lens Pair for Charged Particles
17.6 Neutron Trajectory in Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Gradient Focusing of Neutrons
17.7 Neutron Compound Cylindrical Magnetic Lens
17.8 Calculation of Magnetic Fields of Planar Magnets by Paired Magnetic Charge Sheets
17.9 1-D Magnetic Gravitational Trap for Ultracold Neutrons
17.10 Electron Trajectory in Wigglers and Undulator X-ray Sources
17.11 Derivation of Emitted X-ray Wavelength, Bandwidth, and Cone Angle for the Undulator
17.12 X-ray Power and Differential Power Emission per Solid Angle from an Undulator
References
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: February 20, 2013
- Language: English
JC
Jay Theodore Cremer Jr.
Affiliations and expertise
Chief Scientist, Adelphi Technology, Inc.Read Neutron and X-ray Optics on ScienceDirect