Neurology of Vision and Visual Disorders

1st Edition, Volume 178 - April 6, 2021
Editors: Jason J.S. Barton, Alexander Leff
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 3 7 7 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 3 7 8 - 0

Neurology of Vision and Visual Disorders, Volume 178 in the Handbooks of Neurology series provides comprehensive summaries of recent research on the brain and nervous system. T… Read more

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Neurology of Vision and Visual Disorders, Volume 178 in the Handbooks of Neurology series provides comprehensive summaries of recent research on the brain and nervous system. This volume reviews alterations in vision that stem from the retina to the cortex. Coverage includes content on vision and driving derived from the large amount of time devoted in clinics to determining who is safe to drive, along with research on the interplay between visual loss, attention and strategic compensations that may determine driving suitability. The title concludes with vision therapies and the evidence behind these approaches.

Each chapter is co-written by a basic scientist collaborating with a clinician to provide a solid underpinning of the mechanisms behind the clinical syndromes.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1: A review of diseases of the retina for neurologists
Abstract
Introduction
Retina Anatomy
Retinal Disorders With Acute Presentations
Acute or Chronic Presentation
Chronic Presentation
Chapter 2: Amblyopia
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Diagnosis
Behavioral and Neural Consequences
Treatment
Experimental Treatments: Targets, Mechanisms, and Future Directions
Chapter 3: Retinal ganglion cells and the magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular subcortical visual pathways from the eye to the brain
Abstract
The Standard Model of Early Visual Function
Perceptual Correlates of Subcortical Pathways
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Perimetry and visual field defects
Abstract
Introduction
Types of Perimetric Testing
The Psychophysics of Perimetry
Interpreting Perimetry Results
Future Directions
Conclusions
Chapter 5: Electrophysiology in neuro-ophthalmology
Abstract
Introduction
Electrophysiological Tests of the Visual System
Optic Neuropathies and Central Nervous System Disorders
Retinal masqueraders of optic neuropathy
Summary
Acknowledgments
Chapter 6: The role of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of afferent visual pathway problems: A neuroophthalmic perspective
Abstract
Optical Coherence Tomography: Key Concepts
Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Optic Neuropathies: Applying Principles to Practice
Lesions of the Posterior Visual Pathways
Retinal Disorders Masquerading as Optic Nerve Lesions
Conclusions
Chapter 7: The striate cortex and hemianopia
Abstract
Introduction
The Acknowledged Functions of V1
The Role of Visual Inputs That Bypass V1
Evidence From Area V5 About the Role of V1 in Conscious Vision
The Riddoch Syndrome and Blindsight
V1 and the Conscious Experience of the Visual World
V1 and Conscious Visual Experience
Are Pre- and Postprocessing by V1 Essential for Visual Consciousness?
Conclusion
History of the Cortical Representation of the Visual Field
Linear Cortical Magnification Factor (M)
Patterns of Hemifield Disturbance
Unusual Patterns of Partial Homonymous Hemifield Loss
Acknowledgment
Chapter 8: Color vision
Abstract
What Is Color Vision for?
Retinal Mechanisms for Human Color Vision
Postreceptoral Mechanisms for Color: Theory and Implementation
Inherited Color Vision Defects
Acquired Color Vision Defects
Diagnosing Color Vision Defects
Chapter 9: Object recognition and visual object agnosia
Abstract
Introduction
Visual Object Recognition and Its Neural Correlates
Types of Visual Agnosia
Related Disorders
Neuropathology and Prevalence of Visual Object Agnosia
Clinical Assessment
Chapter 10: Prosopagnosia and disorders of face processing
Abstract
Diagnosing Prosopagnosia
Functional Variants of Prosopagnosia
The Lesions of Acquired Prosopagnosia
Neuroimaging in Developmental Prosopagnosia
The Specificity of Prosopagnosia for Faces
Covert Face Recognition
Other Clinical Signs and Disorders Associated With Prosopagnosia
Treatment of Prosopagnosia
Other Disorders Affecting Aspects of Face Perception Besides Identity
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 11: The relationship between mental and physical space and its impact on topographical disorientation
Abstract
Introduction
How Do We Know Mental Space's Properties?
Properties of Mental Space
The Brain's Representations of Space
Space Processing in Acquired and Developmental Topographical Disorientation
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 12: Reading and alexia
Abstract
Introduction
Neuroanatomy of Reading
The Peripheral Alexias
Reading Assessment
Chapter 13: Bálint syndrome
Abstract
Initial Observations
Historical Reports and Interpretation of Visuomotor Clumsiness
Visuomotor Clumsiness: A Deficit of Simultaneous Location Processing?
Historical Descriptions and Interpretation of Ocular and Perceptual/Attentional Deficits
Simultanagnosia/Extinction: A Deficit of Simultaneous Location Processing?
A Renewed Model of PPC Organization
Hemineglect: Included or Not Included in the Syndrome?
Clinical Testing for the Key Symptoms of Bálint Syndrome
Conclusion
Chapter 14: Motion perception and its disorders
Abstract
Varieties of Motion Phenomena and Stimuli
Response Properties of Neurons in Motion-Selective Areas in Nonhuman Primates
Lesion and Stimulation Studies of Motion-Selective Areas in Nonhuman Primates
Functional Studies of Motion Perception in Humans
Cerebral Akinetopsia: Cases LM and AF
Other Patients With Motion Perception Deficits From Focal Cerebral Lesions
Recovery and Treatment
Motion Perception and Other Neurologic Conditions
Pediatric Cerebral Syndromes With Impaired Motion Perception
Conclusions
Appendix: Online video demonstrations of various motion stimuli
Chapter 15: Aphantasia: The science of visual imagery extremes
Abstract
Visual Imagery
Extremes of Visual Imagery
Implications and Unanswered Questions
Chapter 16: Blindsight
Abstract
Introduction
Controversy
The Taxonomy of Blindsight
The Various Phenomena of Blindsight
Dissociations
Residual Visual Pathways
Implications
Acknowledgments
Chapter 17: Illusions, hallucinations, and visual snow
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Illusions
Hallucinations
Ophthalmic Causes of Illusions and Hallucinations
Palinopsia and polyopia
Disease-Specific Disorders
Syndromic Disorders
Conclusion
Chapter 18: Vision, attention, and driving
Abstract
Introduction
Motor Vehicle Driving
Theoretical Framework
Diseases of the Eye
Diseases of the Brain
Compensatory Technologies
Conclusions
Chapter 19: Rehabilitation of visual disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Rehabilitation of Visual Symptoms in Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Rehabilitation of Hemianopia
Rehabilitation of Alexia
Prosopagnosia
Index

Jason J.S. Barton

Jason Barton obtained his MD from the University of British Columbia in 1984, where he completed a neurology residency in 1990. He was a fellow in neuro-ophthalmology at the University of Iowa from 1990 to 1991 and the University of Toronto from 1991 to 1995, and obtained his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1996. He was assistant and then associate professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, and director of neuro-ophthalmology at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from 1996 to 2004. Since 2004 he has been director of clinical neuro-ophthalmology at Vancouver General Hospital. He is currently professor, Canada Research Chair and Marianne Koerner Chair in Brain Diseases, in neurology, ophthalmology and visual sciences, and psychology at the University of British Columbia. His research is focused on cortical processing of vision, in particular high-level object perception, such as face and word recognition, and also on the use of saccadic eye movements to explore issues of cognitive control.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Canada Research Chair, Marianne Koerner Chair of Brain Diseases, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Psychology, University of British Columbia, and Director of Neuro-Ophthalmology and Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, VGH Eye Care Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Alexander Leff

I am Professor of Cognitive Neurology and a Consultant Neurologist at the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology. My main clinical and academic interest is in cognitive rehabilitation, especially in the field of acquired language disorders and vision. I am developing mechanistic accounts of how cognitive disorders can be improved by different types of therapy -mainly behavioural- using functional and structural brain imaging. I have developed three web-based rehabilitation tools that can be used to by therapists and patients with hemianopia or reading problems, and am working on four other electronic therapy projects sponsored by the MRC, NIHR and The Stroke Association. I think that web-based applications are a good way to make scientifically proven behavioural therapies available to suitable patients and their therapists. At the UCLH National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery I have a specialist out-patient MDT assessment clinic for patients with hemianopia and/or higher disorders of vision. I also help run the Queen Square Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Programme. Publications http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uwZaCzQAAAAJ&hl=en Academic website https://www.ucl.ac.uk/icn/research/research-groups/neurotherapeutics

Affiliations and expertise

University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK

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Jason J.S. Barton

Alexander Leff