Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence

1st Edition - May 2, 2014
Editors: Antonio Noronha, Changhai Cui, Robert Adron Harris, John C. Crabbe
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 0 2 8 7 - 9
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 5 9 4 1 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 1 5 5 - 1

Recent scientific advances have provided substantial information on the brain circuits and pathways relevant to various aspects of dependence. Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence hi… Read more

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Recent scientific advances have provided substantial information on the brain circuits and pathways relevant to various aspects of dependence. Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence highlights the most recent data at the molecular, cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels, fostering an understanding how neuroplasticity and neuroadaptation occur, and how different neural pathways and neurocircuits contribute to dependence.

Preface
Section 1: Neurocircuitry of Alcohol Dependence
- Chapter 1. Frameworks of Alcohol Addiction: Alcohol Addiction as a Reward Deficit and Stress Surfeit Disorder
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Definitions and Conceptual Framework for Negative Reinforcement in Alcoholism
  - Motivation, Withdrawal, Opponent Process, and Compulsive Use
  - Animal Models for Compulsive Alcohol Seeking
  - Neural Substrates of the Negative Emotional State Associated With Alcoholism
  - Protracted Withdrawal
  - Stress-Induced Reinstatement
  - Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Stress, and the Frontal Cortex
  - Cellular Mechanisms that Mediate the Neuroplasticity of the Dark Side in the Extended Amygdala
  - Negative Reinforcement in Alcoholism: An Allostatic View
  - References
- Chapter 2. Cortico-Basal Ganglia Networks and the Neural Substrates of Actions
  - Abstract
  - The Problem of Motivated Behavior
  - Neural Basis of Motivated Behavior
  - Implications for Alcohol Addiction
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 3. Prefrontal Limbic-Striatal Circuits and Alcohol Addiction in Humans
  - Abstract
  - Introduction
  - The Prefrontal-Limbic-Striatal Circuit
  - Acute Effects of Alcohol on the Prefrontal-Limbic-Striatal Circuit
  - Alcohol Addiction and Effects on the Prefrontal-Limbic-Striatal Circuit Function
  - Dysfunction in the PLS Circuit and Alcohol-Relapse Risk
  - Conclusions and Future Directions
  - References
- Chapter 4. Molecular Adaptations in Mesolimbic Circuitry and Pathological Ethanol Intake
  - Abstract
  - Introduction
  - Passive versus Active Exposure Models
  - Ion Channels in the NAcb
  - Ion Channels in the VTA
  - GABA Receptors
  - Dopamine Receptors
  - Dopamine Release
  - Adaptations in the CRF System
  - Other Peptides and Modulators
  - Summary
  - References
- Chapter 5. The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis: A Critical Site of Ethanol-Induced Alterations in Neurotransmission
  - Abstract
  - BNST Chemoarchitecture and Major Divisions
  - Ethanol Effects on the BNST: Known and Potential Targets
  - Pathways of Interest
  - Conclusions and Future Directions
  - References
- Chapter 6. The Effects of Stress on Measures of Alcohol Drinking in Rodents
  - Abstract
  - Introduction
  - Genetic Differences in Stress Systems Contribute to Alcohol Consumption
  - Relationship between Withdrawal and Alcohol Consumption
  - Effects of Stress on Alcohol Consumption/Intake
  - Stress-Induced Reinstatement
  - Effects of Ethanol Exposure on Stress-Related Behaviors
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 7. Alcohol and Developing Neuronal Circuits
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Hippocampal Circuits
  - Cerebellar Circuits
  - Reward Pathways
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 8. Human Imaging Studies of Brain Circuitry Disrupted by Alcoholism
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgment
  - Introduction
  - The “Incomplete Lesion” as the Underlying Neuropathology of Alcoholism
  - Alcoholism Affects Selective Brain Systems, Leaving Others Relatively Intact
  - Intrinsic Functional Networks: Resting-State Functional-Connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI)
  - Evidence for a Structural Substrate of Functional Connectivity
  - Conclusions
  - References
Section 2: Neurosignaling and Neuroplasticity of Alcohol Dependence
- Chapter 9. From Signaling Pathways to Behavior: The Light and Dark Sides of Alcohol
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Adverse Actions of Alcohol
  - Acute Alcohol-Induced Sedation and Rapid Tolerance
  - Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol-Mediated Stress and Anxiety
  - Alcohol-Seeking and Excessive-Drinking Behaviors
  - Maladaptive Plasticity, Learning and Memory
  - Protective Signaling Pathways
  - Dysregulation of Protective Genes
  - Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
  - References
- Chapter 10. Glutamate Signaling in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction and Review of Glutamate Receptors
  - Physiology of iGluRs
  - Association of iGluRs with Intracellular Proteins
  - Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
  - Alcohol Effects on Glutamate Receptor Signaling
  - Defining a Site of Action of Ethanol on iGluRs
  - Involvement of GluRs in Ethanol Consumption and Dependence
  - Summary
  - References
- Chapter 11. Central Amygdala Neuroplasticity in Alcohol Dependence
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Central Amygdala
  - In Vitro Slice Electrophysiology in CeA
  - Alcohol Effects on CeA Excitatory Glutamatergic System
  - Alcohol Effects on CeA Inhibitory Gabaergic System
  - Neuropeptide Effects on Synaptic Transmission in the CeA
  - Conclusion: The Central Amygdala is a Hub for Alcohol Use Disorders
  - References
- Chapter 12. Neural Plasticity in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Alcohol Addiction
  - Abstract
  - Introduction
  - Ethanol Effects on Intrinsic Excitability of DA Neurons
  - Ethanol Effects on Synaptic Inputs onto DA Neurons
  - Ethanol Effects on Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in DA Neurons
  - Effects of Other Life Experiences on VTA DA Neurons and Alcoholism/Addiction Vulnerability
  - Conclusion
  - References
- Chapter 13. Extrasynaptic GABA_A Receptors and Alcohol
  - Abstract
  - Introduction
  - Pharmacological Effects of Moderate-to-Low Concentrations of Alcohol
  - GABA_A Receptors and Alcohol
  - Synaptic and Extrasynaptic GABA_A Receptors
  - Alcohol’s Interaction with GABA_A Receptors: Mediation of Alcohol’s Reinforcing Effects?
  - Knockdown of the GABA_A δ Subunit in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell Reduces Alcohol’s Reinforcing Properties
  - Subregion Specificity in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell
  - How Do α4βδ GABA_A Receptors in the Medial Shell Contribute to Alcohol’s Reinforcing Effects?
  - Alcohol’s Actions at α4βδ GABA_A Receptors: Direct or Indirect?
  - Other GABA_A-Receptor Isoforms and Alcohol’s Reinforcing Properties
  - Summary
  - References
- Chapter 14. Cannabinoids and the Neural Actions of Alcohol
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Endocannabinoids: Molecular Properties, Synthesis, Degradation, and Receptors
  - Acute Interactions Between EtOH and Molecular Constituents of the EC System
  - Effects of CB1 Activation on EtOH-Associated Behaviors
  - Effects of Chronic Alcohol on the Endocannabinoid System
  - Allelic Variants of the CNR1 Gene and the Susceptibility to Alcohol Dependence
  - Summary
  - References
- Chapter 15. Impact of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence on the Structure and Function of the Prefrontal Cortex
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgements
  - Anatomy of the PFC
  - Effects of Alcohol on PFC Structure and Function
  - Cognitive Modulation of Ensemble Organization in the PFC
  - Chronic Alcohol and Resting-State Synchrony
  - Prefrontal-Striatal Networks and Top-Down Control of Behavior
  - Stress-Induced Changes in PFC Function
  - Alcohol and Stress
  - Adolescence and Delayed Cortical Development
  - Impact of Alcohol on Adolescent PFC Development
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 16. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Functional and Behavioral Tolerance to Alcohol
  - Abstract
  - Introduction
  - Attributes of Molecular Alcohol Tolerance in BK Channels
  - Ethanol Regulation of NMDA and AMPA Receptor Subunits
  - Ethanol Regulation of GABA-A Receptor Subunits
  - Kinase Regulation of Ion Channel Function
  - Scaffolding/Cytoskeletal Protein Interactions Regulating Channel Function
  - Lipid Environment Influences Molecular Tolerance Observed in the BK Channel
  - Role of Palmitoylation in Regulating Ion Channel Function and Distribution
  - Molecular Tolerance of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels is Coordinated with Tolerance of the BK Channel in Nerve Terminals
  - Ethanol Regulation of Gene Transcription
  - Conclusions
  - References
Section 3: Gene and Behavior
- Chapter 17. Alcohol and the Brain: An Epigenetic Viewpoint
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - General Introduction
  - Epigenetics: A General Overview
  - Epigenetic Modifications: An Overview
  - Alcohol, Epigenetics, and Gene Expression: An Overview
  - Summary and Future Directions
  - References
- Chapter 18. The Genetic Complexity of Alcohol Drinking in Rodents
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Rodent Assays of Alcohol Drinking
  - Genetic Contributions to Alcohol Drinking Assays
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 19. Alcohol Dependence, Withdrawal, and Relapse
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Animal Models of Alcohol Dependence and Withdrawal
  - Alcohol Dependence, Withdrawal, and Relapse Drinking
  - Summary
  - References
- Chapter 20. Drinking to Dependence Risk Factors in Nonhuman Primates
  - Abstract
  - Nonhuman Primate Models of Drinking to Dependence
  - Risk Factors: Genetics
  - Risk Factors: Stress
  - Risk Factors: Age of Onset
  - Risk Factors: Temperament
  - Summary
  - References
- Chapter 21. The Potential Role of Glucocorticoids and the HPA Axis in Alcohol Dependence
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - The HPA Axis
  - Determinants of HPA Axis Activity
  - Glucocorticoid Mechanisms in the Etiology of AUDs
  - Therapeutic Targets in the Brain Stress System
  - Summary and Future Directions
  - References
- Chapter 22. Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Perspective from Molecular and Epigenetic Studies
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgment
  - Introduction
  - Relationship between Anxiety and Alcoholism: A Clinical View
  - Relationship between Anxiety and Alcoholism: A Preclinical View
  - Brain Circuitry Involved in Comorbidity of Anxiety and Alcoholism
  - Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Perspective from Molecular Studies
  - Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Perspective from Epigenetic Studies
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 23. The Genetics of Alcohol Responses of Invertebrate Model Systems
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Ethanol Exposure and Behavioral Responses
  - Genes and Pathways Involved in Behavioral Ethanol Responses
  - Neuronal Circuits Mediating Ethanol Responses
  - Conclusion
  - References
- Chapter 24. MicroRNAs in Alcohol Abuse and Toxicity
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Emergence of ncRNAs (and miRNAs) as Dominant Transcriptional Output from Genomes
  - A Historical Perspective on miRNAs: Scientific Curiosity to Cellular Necessity
  - miRNA Biogenesis
  - RISC/miRNA Function
  - Mechanisms for Regulating miRNA Biogenesis and Function: Potential Targets of Ethanol or Determinants of Ethanol Susceptibility
  - Evidence for a General Model of Drug Abuse and miRNA Function
  - Conclusion and Potential for miRNA Therapeutics
  - References
- Chapter 25. Contributions of Genomic and Informatic Approaches to Understanding Alcohol Dependence: From Genes to Networks
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Introduction
  - Data-Driven Methods to Discover the Biological Bases of Alcohol Dependence
  - A Systems Neurogenomic Network of Alcoholism
  - Bioinformatics Knowledge Systems and Integrative Functional Genomics
  - Summary: Integrative Networks of Alcoholism Beyond the Genome
  - References
- Chapter 26. Complex Genetics of Alcoholism
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - Alcohol Dependence Is a Complex Genetic Disease
  - Alcoholism and Related Phenotypes
  - The Search for Genes Contributing to Alcohol Dependence
  - Summary
  - References
Index

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Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence

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Antonio Noronha

Changhai Cui

Robert Adron Harris

John C. Crabbe