Neural Regeneration

1st Edition - February 3, 2015
Editors: Kwok Fai So, Xiao-Ming Xu
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 7 3 2 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 8 3 4 - 7

Neural Regeneration provides an overview of cutting-edge knowledge on a broad spectrum of neural regeneration, including: Neural regeneration in lower vertebrates Neural re… Read more

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Neural Regeneration provides an overview of cutting-edge knowledge on a broad spectrum of neural regeneration, including:

Neural regeneration in lower vertebrates

Neural regeneration in the peripheral nervous system

Neural regeneration in the central nervous system

Transplantation-mediated neural regeneration

Clinical and translational research on neural regeneration

The contributors to this book are experts in their fields and work at distinguished institutions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and China.

Nervous system injuries, including peripheral nerve injuries, brain and spinal cord injuries, and stroke affect millions of people worldwide every year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, neural regeneration and repair is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the new discoveries to promote structural and functional recoveries based on neural regeneration. The ultimate goal is to translate the most optimal regenerative strategies to treatments of human nervous system injuries.

This valuable reference book is useful for students, postdoctors, and basic and clinical scientists who are interested in neural regeneration research.

List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Section I. Introduction
- Chapter 1. Advances and Challenges for Neural Regeneration Research
  - 1. Nervous System, Nerve Injury, and Neural Regeneration
  - 2. Technological Advances in Neural Regeneration Research
  - 3. PNS Regeneration
  - 4. CNS Regeneration
  - 5. Challenges and Opportunities
Section II. Neural Regeneration in Lower Vertebrates
- Chapter 2. Functional Regeneration and Remyelination in the Zebrafish Optic Nerve
  - 1. Introduction to Zebrafish Optic Nerve Injury (ONI) as a Model for Studying Regeneration and Remyelination
  - 2. Time Course of Optic Nerve Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish
  - 3. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms of Axon Regeneration
  - 4. Genetic Manipulation Tools Are Very Useful for Studying Regeneration in Zebrafish
  - 5. In vivo Imaging of Nerve Regeneration in Zebrafish Larvae
  - 6. Imaging Remyelination in Zebrafish
  - 7. Behavior Tests Indexed the Visual Functional Recovery after Optic Nerve Injury
  - 8. Future Directions
  - 9. Conclusions
- Chapter 3. Central Nerve Regeneration in Reptiles
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Timing of Regeneration—General Compared to Fish and Frogs, Including Geckos, etc
  - 3. Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival
  - 4. Glia: Friend or Foe?
  - 5. Growth Promotion: Neurotrophins, Extracellular Matrix, Gefiltin, Polysialic Acid–Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, Comparison with Development
  - 6. Topography and Refinement: NMDA/AMPA/GABA and Synaptic Proteins
  - 7. Conclusion: Relevance to Mammals
  - 8. Conclusions
- Chapter 4. Axon Regeneration in the Lamprey Spinal Cord
  - 1. The Need for Lower Vertebrate Models of Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System
  - 2. General Biology of the Lamprey
  - 3. The Central Nervous System of the Sea Lamprey
  - 4. Anatomical and Functional Evidence for Axon Regeneration in the Lamprey Spinal Cord
  - 5. Is Axon Regeneration a Recapitulation of Axon Development?
  - 6. Neuron-Intrinsic Determinants of Axon Regeneration
  - 7. Conclusions
Section III. Neural Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Chapter 5. Tissue Engineering in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Nerve Scaffolds
  - 3. Support Cells
  - 4. Growth Factors
  - 5. Clinical Applications
  - 6. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 6. Brachial Plexus Avulsion: A Model for Axonal Regeneration Study
  - 1. Anatomy of Human and Rodent Brachial Plexus
  - 2. Brachial Plexus Avulsion
  - 3. Potential Strategies for the Treatment of Brachial Plexus Avulsion
- Chapter 7. Conditions Affecting Accuracy of Peripheral Nerve Reinnervation and Functional Recovery
  - 1. The Clinical Problem
  - 2. Processes for Axonal Regeneration
  - 3. Failure of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
  - 4. Improving Axon Targeting after Injury
  - 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 8. Gonadal Steroids in Regeneration and Repair of Neuromuscular Systems
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Gonadal Steroid Overview
  - 3. Motoneuron Survival
  - 4. Androgens and Axonal Regeneration
  - 5. Androgens and Dendritic Morphology
  - 6. Androgens and Peripheral Maintenance
  - 7. Conclusion
Section IV. Neural Regeneration in the CNS
- Chapter 9. Myelin-Associated Inhibitors in Axonal Growth after Central Nervous System Injury
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Brief History of Myelin Inhibition Research
  - 3. Multiple Myelin-Associated Inhibitors
  - 4. Multiple Receptors for Myelin-Associated Inhibitors
  - 5. Other Inhibitory Molecules
  - 6. Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Axon Growth after Central Nervous System Injury in vivo
  - 7. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 10. The Nogo Receptor Pathway in Central Nervous System Axon Regeneration and Therapeutic Opportunities
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. The Nogo and Nogo Receptor Pathway of CNS Axon Regeneration
  - 3. Technical Criteria for Selecting a CNS Axon Regeneration Drug Candidate
  - 4. Drugs Targeting Myelin Molecules
  - 5. Drug Candidates Targeting NgR1
  - 6. Drugs Targeting NgR1 Signaling
  - 7. Conclusion
- Chapter 11. Astrogliosis and Axonal Regeneration
  - 1. Astrogliosis After CNS Injury
  - 2. Permissive and Nonpermissive Properties of Glial Scar
  - 3. Molecular Mechanisms for CSPG Inhibition on Axonal Growth
  - 4. Scar Tissue as a Target for Neuronal Repair and Regeneration
  - 5. Conclusions and Prospects
- Chapter 12. The Intrinsic Determinants of Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Developmental Loss of Axon Regenerative Capacity
  - 3. Role of cAMP in Neurite Growth and Regeneration
  - 4. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin as a Central Player in Promoting Central Nervous System Axon Regeneration
  - 5. KLFs and Their Role in Neuron Development and Axon Regeneration
  - 6. Conclusion
- Chapter 13. Optic Nerve Regeneration in Lower Vertebrates and Mammals: Bridging the Gap
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Cell Viability
  - 3. Glial-Derived Inhibitors of Axon Growth
  - 4. Control of the Regenerative State by Cell-Intrinsic and Cell-Extrinsic Factors
  - 5. Intraocular Inflammation and Oncomodulin
  - 6. Cell Signaling Pathways for Axon Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells
  - 7. Axon Guidance
  - 8. Restoration of Central Visual Circuits and Partial Recovery of Visual Responses in Mammals
  - 9. Future Prospects
- Chapter 14. Self-Assembling Peptides Mediate Neural Regeneration
  - 1. Tissue Engineering Is Essential for Neural Regeneration After Tissue Loss
  - 2. SAP Is a Kind of Novel Nanomaterial for Tissue Engineering
  - 3. SAP Facilitates Neural Regeneration
- Chapter 15. Wnt Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Wnt Signaling in Axon Guidance
  - 3. Wnt Signaling in Axon Responses to Spinal Cord Injury
- Chapter 16. Inflammation and Secondary Damage after Spinal Cord Injury
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Early Injury Responses and Factors That Trigger Inflammation
  - 3. Cellular Response to Spinal Cord Injury
  - 4. Identification of Novel Targets That Mediate Inflammation and Secondary Damage after SCI
  - 5. Critical Points in the Inflammatory Pathway in SCI Amenable to Therapeutic Intervention
  - 6. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 17. Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma by Blocking LINGO-1 Function or Using a Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist
  - 1. Glaucoma
  - 2. The Expression of Nogo, NgR, and LINGO-1
  - 3. Neuroprotection of LINGO-1 Antagonists on RGCs in Glaucoma and the Possible Mechanism
  - 4. Neuroprotection of NgR1 Antagonists on RGCs in Glaucoma
  - 5. Summary
- Chapter 18. Axonal Regeneration in the Sensory Dorsal Column Pathway
  - 1. Historical Perspective
  - 2. Conditioning Lesion
  - 3. Sensory Axonal Regeneration
  - 4. Technological Considerations
  - 5. Future Directions
Section V. Transplantation-Mediated Neural Regeneration
- Chapter 19. Peripheral Nerve Graft-Mediated Axonal Regeneration
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Historical Perspective on PN Transplantation
  - 3. Axonal Regeneration into a PNG
  - 4. Grafting PNs to Promote Regeneration of Chronically Injured Axons
  - 5. Effects of Exogenous Neurotrophins on Axon Regeneration beyond a PNG
- Chapter 20. Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Neural Repair
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Contribution of OECs to Olfactory Axon Regeneration
  - 3. Basic Biology of the Regeneration-Promoting Properties of OECs
  - 4. OEC-Mediated Transplantation for Neural Repair in Animal Studies
  - 5. OEC-Mediated Transplantation in Clinical Trials
  - 6. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 21. Glial Precursor Cell Transplantation-Mediated Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury Repair
  - 1. Therapeutic Potential of GPCs After SCI
  - 2. Resources of GPCs for Potential Clinical Translation
  - 3. The Challenges of Translating Stem Cell Therapies to the Clinic
  - 4. Conclusions
- Chapter 22. Schwann Cell-Mediated Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System
  - 1. The Origin, Development, and Functions of Schwann Cells
  - 2. The Application of SCs to Axonal Regeneration Following SCI
  - 3. Potential Sources of SCs for Transplantation
  - 4. The Survival and Migration of Grafted SCs
  - 5. Reactions of Various Neuronal Tracts to Transplanted SCs
  - 6. Combinatory Strategies to Conquer Limitations of Grafted SCs in Axon Regeneration
  - 7. Clinical Application
  - 8. Conclusion
- Chapter 23. Fetal Spinal Cord Transplantation after Spinal Cord Injury: Around and Back Again
  - 1. Introduction and History
  - 2. Alternative Cell Sources for Spinal Tissue Repair
  - 3. Revisiting FSC and Neural Progenitor Transplantation to Establish Functional Relays
  - 4. Summary
Section VI. Clinical and Translational Research on Neural Regeneration
- Chapter 24. Spinal Cord Injury: Exercise and Clinical Trials
  - 1. Spinal Cord Injury
  - 2. Research Effort into Spinal Cord Injury and Exercise
  - 3. Quality in Studies and Clinical Trials
  - 4. Clinical Trials
  - 5. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER)
  - 6. Summary and Conclusion
- Chapter 25. Spinal Cord Regeneration
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Axon Growth Inhibitor Theory
  - 3. Glial Scar Theory
  - 4. Growth Limitation Theory
  - 5. Regenerative Therapies
  - 6. Cell Transplants
  - 7. Combination Therapies
  - 8. Recovery Mechanisms
  - 9. Rehabilitation
- Chapter 26. Biomarkers for CNS Injury and Regeneration
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Acute Phase CNS Injury Protein Biomarkers
  - 3. Need for Biochemical Markers of Subacute and Chronic CNS Injury
  - 4. Subacute, Chronic CNS Injury Biomarkers
  - 5. Post-TBI Neurodegeneration Markers
  - 6. Neuroinflammatory Markers
  - 7. Neuroregeneration Markers
  - 8. Systems Biology-Assisted Biomarker Integration
- Chapter 27. High-Content Screening Applied to Nervous System Injury: Advantages, Challenges, and Proof of Principle
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. High Content Analysis of Neuronal Functions
Index

Kwok Fai So

Prof Kwok-Fai So is the Director of GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration at Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Chair of Anatomy in the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and the Department of Ophthalmology, Jessie Ho Professor in Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, member of the Advisory Committee, Ministry of Education/ 2011 Program, member of Biolgical and Medicine Council/ Ministry of Education, member of Consultative Committee/ the national 973 Program/ major national research funding program in China, Director of China Spinal Cord Injury Network (ChinaSCINet), Co-Chairman of the Board of Director of the ChinaSCINet, and Editor-in-Chief of Neural Regeneration Research. He received PhD degree from MIT. He is one of the pioneers in the field of axonal regeneration in visual system. He was the first to show lengthy regeneration of retinal ganglion cells in adult mammals with peripheral nerve graft. He is currently using multiple approaches to promote axonal regeneration in the optic nerve and spinal cord. His team identifies neuroprotective and regenerative factors including: exercise, wolfberry, trophic factors, peptide nanofiber scaffold, and environmental manipulation. 1995 obtained the Natural Science Award of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 1999 was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2015 was elected US National Academy of Invention Fellow. 2017 elected a member of DABI (Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives). He is the author and co-author of over 440+ publications and co-inventor of 28 patents.

Affiliations and expertise

The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Xiao-Ming Xu

Scientific Director, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute

Professor and Mari Hulman George Chair of Neurological Surgery

Professor, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology

Indiana University, USA

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

Life sciences

Physical sciences & Engineering

Social sciences & Humanities

Health