Nematode Diseases of Crops and Their Sustainable Management

Nematode Diseases of Crops and their Sustainable Management focuses on methods to recognize and identify nematode attackers in agriculturally important crops, offering ecologically sustainable and economically viable strategies and measures for the management of nematode infestations and diseases. The book analyzes nematode pests as major constraints in global crop production and explores the limitations of existing nematode management technologies. It offers comprehensive information through individually focused chapters on major nematode problems in internationally important food, fiber and beverage crops as well as in mushrooms, polyhouse agriculture and forest flora with regard to distribution, and much more.

In view of the highly damaging nature of the disease complexes and complexity in their management, independent chapters on nematode-fungus and nematode-bacteria disease complexes and their management are also presented.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editors
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Section I: General topics
Chapter 1: Plant nematodes, an underestimated constraint in the global food production
Abstract
Introduction
Horticultural crops
Fruit crops
Cereals
Pulses
Industrial crops
Oil-yielding crops
Fiber-yielding crops
Spices
Forage crops
Medicinal plants
Management of nematode infestation
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 2: Methods of assay and detection of nematodes in plant and soil
Abstract
Introduction
Sampling
Soil sampling technique
Detection and isolation
Processing of nematodes
Morphological examinations
Biochemical techniques
Molecular diagnosis
Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 3: Methods of sustainable management of plant nematodes, limitations, and challenges for crop growers
Abstract
Introduction
Sustainable management methods
New nematicides
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 4: Disease complexes and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Disease complex
Role of various nematode groups in wilt/root rot disease complexes
Influence of environmental factors on the development of disease complex
Management of disease complexes with a sustainable approach
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Section II: Field crops
Chapter 5: Nematode problems in wheat and barley and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Seed gall nematode, Anguina tritici
Disease symptoms
Management strategies
Cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp.
Biology and life cycle
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp.
Biology and life cycle
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 6: Nematode problems in rice and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola
Sustainable management
Ufra of rice, Ditylenchus angustus
Sustainable management
White tip of rice, Aphelenchoides besseyi
Sustainable management
Rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella spp.
Sustainable management
Lance nematode, Hoplolaimus indicus
Cyst nematode, Heterodera species
Lesion nematode, Pratylenchus species
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 7: Nematode problems in maize and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Economic importance
Biology and life cycle
Distribution and symptoms
Interaction with other pathogens
Sustainable management with advanced and recent approaches
Future prospects and conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Nematode problems in pulse crops and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Plant parasitic nematodes infesting chickpea and pigeon pea
Plant parasitic nematodes infesting peas, beans, and lentils
Plant parasitic nematodes infesting mung bean
Plant parasitic nematode management options and constraints in pulse crops
Conclusion and future research directions
References
Chapter 9: Nematode problems on oil seed crops and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Nematodes associated with major oilseed crops
PPN disease symptoms
Economic importance of PPN affecting oilseed crops
Sustainable management of PPN species affecting oil seed crops
Conclusion
References
Section III: Vegetable crops
Chapter 10: Nematode problems in tomato, okra, and other common vegetables, and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Economic importance
Distribution of major nematodes affecting tomato, brinjal, pepper, okra, and leafy vegetables
Symptoms from nematode damage
Biology and life cycle
Host-parasite relationship of Meloidogyne spp.
Disease complexes
Sustainable management of nematodes in vegetable crops
Chemical control
Physical methods
Biological soil disinfestation
Cultural methods
Host resistance
New production methods
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 11: Nematode problems in tuber crops and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Root-knot nematodes
Root-lesion nematodes
Root-lesion nematodes
Cyst-forming nematodes
Ditylenchus spp.
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Other significant nematodes
Future prospects
References
Chapter 12: Nematode problems in cucurbits and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Nematode infestation in cucurbit crops
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species
Reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
Nacobbus, Pratylenchus, and Radopholus
Ectoparasitic nematodes
Nematode management in cucurbitaceous crops
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 13: Nematode problems in bulb crops and sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Plant-parasitic nematodes
The impact of plant-parasitic nematodes on agricultural production
Plant-parasitic nematodes affecting bulb crops
Methods of nematode control
Nematode management in bulb crops: Integrated pest management
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Further reading
Chapter 14: Nematode problems in vegetable legumes and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
Cyst-forming nematode Heterodera spp.
Reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis
Stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsasci
Other minor nematodes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Nematode problems in mushroom cultivation and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Taxonomy
Parasitic nematodes
Saprophytic nematodes
Nematode habitats in mushroom growing
Survival characteristics
Sampling, separation, and identification
Control measures
Beneficial nematodes
Endoparasitic nematodes
Entomopathogenic nematodes
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Further reading
Section IV: Fruit crops and forest trees
Chapter 16: Nematode problems in tropical fruits and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Plant parasitic nematodes associated with tropical fruits
Symptoms
Damage and economic importance
Current nematode management
Biological control
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 17: Nematode problems in temperate fruits and their sustainable management
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Apple (Malus sp.)
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Peach (Prunus persica L.)
Almonds (Prunus dulcis Mill. syn. P. amygdalus Batsch)
Walnut (Juglans regia L.)
Kiwifruit (Actinidia sp.)
Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch)
Management of plant-parasitic nematodes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Nematode problems in palms and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Red ring disease
Burrowing nematode
Root-knot nematode
Lesion nematodes
Other nematodes
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 19: Nematode problems in forests and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Nematodes in major forest biomes
Nematodes in some economically important forest species
Management
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Section V: Spice crops and medicinal plants
Chapter 20: Nematode problems in major spice crops and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews)
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Nematode problems in medicinal plants and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne species
Nematode management in medicinal plants
Use of essential oils
Host resistance
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Section VI: Commercial crops
Chapter 22: Nematode problems in cotton and their sustainable management
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Major nematode species in cotton: Economic importance and distribution
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs)
Reniform nematodes (RNs)
Lance nematodes (LNs)
Root-lesion nematodes (RLNs)
Sting nematodes (SNs)
Other PPNs associated with cotton
Symptomatology and epidemiology of the main PPNs associated with cotton
The nematode disease complex in cotton
Molecular characterization and detection
Reniform nematode
Nematodes control practices in cotton
Chemical nematicides
Biomanagement of PPNs in cotton
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Nematode problems in sugarcane and sugar beet and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Lesion nematode, Pratylenchus species
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne species
Lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus species
Spiral nematodes, Helicotylenchus species
Burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis
Stubby root nematodes, Trichodorus spp. and Paratrichodorus spp.
Stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci
Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii and Heterodera betae
False root-knot nematode, Nacobbus aberrans
Others nematodes
Nematodes in cohabitance
Economic importance of nematodes associated with sugarcane and sugar beets
Management
Cultural practices
Crop rotation
Host-resistant
Biological control
Conclusions and future prospects
References
Section VII: Beverage crops
Chapter 24: Nematode problems in tea and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Breeding tea cultivars with resistance for nematode control
Nematode diagnosis and prognosis
Good Nursery Practices (GNPs)
Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)
Botanicals and plant extracts
Chemical control in young and mature tea lands
Heating, burning, and soil roasting
Conservation of natural enemies and enhancement of antagonists of nematodes in soil
Nematode management under organic tea cultivation
Conclusions and future prospects in sustainable nematode management in tea
References
Chapter 25: Nematode problems in tobacco and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Nematode species associated with tobacco
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp.
Tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum
Other nematodes of tobacco
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Nematode problems in coffee and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Meloidogyne in global perspective
Pratylenchus in global perspective
Management of coffee nematodes
Concluding remarks
References
Section VIII: Ornamental, turf, and protected cultivation
Chapter 27: Nematode problems in ornamentals and turf and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Plant-parasitic nematodes on temperate ornamental plants
Plant-parasitic nematodes on tropical and subtropical ornamental plants
Management of plant parasitic nematodes in ornamentals
Plant-parasitic nematodes in turfgrasses
Turf-parasitic nematodes on cool-season turf in temperate regions
Turf-parasitic nematodes on warm-season turf in tropical to subtropical regions
Impacts of nematodes in turf maintenance
Species of turf-parasitic nematodes
Other turf-parasitic nematodes
Sustainable management of turfgrass nematodes
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 28: Nematode problems in vegetables and ornamentals under protected cultivation and their sustainable management
Abstract
Introduction
Nematode infestation in protected cultivation
Nematode management
Conclusion
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

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Health

Nematode Diseases of Crops and Their Sustainable Management

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Mujeebur Rahman Khan

Marisol Quintanilla