Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation

1st Edition - July 14, 2023
Authors: Steve A. Rackley, Adrienne Sewel, Diarmaid Clery, George Dowson, Peter Styring, Graham Andrews, Stephen McCord, Pol Knops, Renaud de Richter, Tingzhen Ming, Wei Li, Michael Tyka
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 6 6 3 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 1 6 7 - 8

Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation provides a comprehensive introduction to the full range of technologies that are being researched, developed and de… Read more

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Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation provides a comprehensive introduction to the full range of technologies that are being researched, developed and deployed in order to transition from our current energy system, dominated by fossil fuels, to a negative-carbon emissions system. After an introduction to the challenge of climate change, the technical fundamentals of natural and engineered carbon dioxide removal and storage processes and technologies are described. Each NET is then discussed in detail, including the key elements of the technology, enablers and constraints, governance issues, and global potential and cost estimates.

This book offers a complete overview of the field, thus enabling the community to gain a full appreciation of NETs without the need to seek out and refer to a multitude of sources.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1. The climate challenge: climate change, mitigation, and negative emissions
1.1. First steps in climate science
1.2. Earth system models—from pencils to petaFLOPs
1.3. The long road to international consensus
1.4. The climate challenge—warming limits and the carbon budget
1.5. Responses to the climate challenge—getting to zero emissions
1.6. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Overview of negative emissions technologies
2.1. Early discussion of negative emissions
2.2. Negative emissions: geoengineering or mitigation?
2.3. Introduction to negative emissions technologies
2.4. NETs as a portfolio of options
2.5. The process of technology innovation
2.6. Negative emissions RD&D agenda
Chapter 3. Ethics, risks, and governance of NETs
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Ethical concerns
3.3. Managing NET uncertainties and risks
3.4. NET governance
Chapter 4. The global carbon cycle
4.1. Carbon inventories
4.2. Carbon fluxes
4.3. Carbon dioxide removal and the global carbon cycle
4.4. Current carbon cycle research challenges
Chapter 5. Terrestrial carbon cycle processes
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Photosynthesis
5.3. Biomineralization
5.4. Biogeochemical features and processes in soils
5.5. Modeling plant productivity and soil carbon processes
5.6. Impact of eCO2 and climate change on photosynthesis and soil carbon processes
Chapter 6. Ocean carbon cycle processes
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The solubility pump
6.3. The biological pump
6.4. Climate change and ocean carbon cycle processes
Chapter 7. CO2 absorption
7.1. Chemical and physical fundamentals
7.2. CO2 absorption applications
7.3. CO2 absorption technology RD&D status
Chapter 8. CO2 adsorption
8.1. Physical and chemical fundamentals
8.2. Adsorption process configurations
8.3. Sorbent regeneration processes
8.4. CO2 adsorption technology RD&D status
Chapter 9. Membrane CO2 separation
9.1. Physical and chemical fundamentals
9.2. Membrane configuration and preparation, and module construction
9.3. Membrane technology R&D status
9.4. Membrane separation applications
Chapter 10. Carbon mineralization
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Mineral carbonation chemistry
10.3. Direct carbonation routes
10.4. Indirect carbonation routes
10.5. Passive ex situ carbon mineralization
10.6. Active ex situ industrial carbon mineralization
10.7. In situ carbon mineralization
10.8. Technoeconomic considerations
10.9. Conclusions
Chapter 11. Afforestation and other land- and soil-based methods
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Afforestation, reforestation, and forest management
11.3. Biomass carbon removal and storage
11.4. Soil carbon sequestration
11.5. Ecosystem restoration
11.6. Enhanced weathering
11.7. Potential scale and costs
Chapter 12. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Biomass sources
12.3. Biomass conversion technologies
12.4. BECCS implementation
12.5. BECCS costs and global potential
12.6. BECCS projects
Chapter 13. Direct air capture
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Thermodynamics of direct air capture
13.3. Liquid and phase-change chemisorption approaches
13.4. Solid and supported chemisorption approaches
13.5. Physisorption approaches
13.6. Systems configurations for liquid sorption DAC
13.7. Sorption–desorption techniques for solid sorbents
13.8. Nonsorbent DAC methods
13.9. Technology readiness of DAC—example cases
13.10. Cost and potential of DAC
13.11. Future direction of DAC research
Chapter 14. Removal of methane and other non-CO2 GHGs
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Methane removal by enhancing atmospheric sinks
14.3. Methane removal by catalysis and photocatalysis
14.4. Nitrous oxide and halogenated gases removal
14.5. Tropospheric ozone decomposition
Chapter 15. Geological carbon storage
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Storage in sedimentary basins
15.3. In situ mineralization trapping
15.4. Storage capacity classification and estimation
15.5. Geological storage project planning
15.6. Saline aquifer storage case studies
15.7. In situ mineralization case studies
15.8. Geological storage costs and global potential
15.9. Geological storage research and development agenda
Chapter 16. Ocean storage and ocean CDR methods
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Ocean storage of captured CO2
16.3. Marine CDR—enhancing ocean alkalinity
16.4. Marine CDR—electrochemical methods
16.5. Marine CDR—biological methods
16.6. Environmental and ecological impacts of mCDR
16.7. Marine CDR effectiveness, permanence, potential, and cost
16.8. Marine CDR research and development themes
Chapter 17. Carbon dioxide utilization
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Introduction to CDU technologies
17.3. Fuels
17.4. Biofuels
17.5. Accelerated mineralization to inorganic carbonates
17.6. CO2 curing of concrete products
17.7. Low volume products
17.8. CDU development and deployment: opportunities and challenges
17.9. Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Units and NET-related acronyms
Index

Steve A. Rackley

Steve Rackley completed a PhD in Experimental Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. Following a career spanning four decades in the energy industry, gaining experience in some of the main technologies that are key to geological carbon storage, he is currently a technical author, project consultant, and independent researcher into carbon capture and storage, and negative emissions technologies, with a particular interest in ocean based approaches.

Affiliations and expertise

Independent Consultant

Adrienne Sewel

Dr. Adrienne Sewel completed a PhD at the University of Glasgow titled 'Crust atmosphere coupling and carbon sequestration on early Mars', where she was fortunate enough to visit sites such as the CARBFIX project discussed in this book. After her PhD she briefly lectured astrobiology at the University of St Andrews and robotics and mechatronics summer schools at the University of Glasgow. For the last few years she has been living on a boat exploring the waterways of France with my cat, chickens, and rabbit on board, occasionally writing science. She previously authored a chapter titled 'Mineral carbon sequestration' for the book Carbon Dioxide Utilisation published by De Gruyter in 2019.

Affiliations and expertise

Formerly, University of St Andrews; Robotics and Mechatronics Summer Schools, University of Glasgow, UK

Diarmaid Clery

Diarmaid Clery is a Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, where he has been since 2019, upon completing his PhD at the University of Leeds. The overall aim of his research is to understand the interdisciplinary issues related to tackling climate change, including decarbonisation and greenhouse gas removal (GGR). He has previously worked on assessing the feasibility of negative emissions for meeting climate targets. Currently, he is working with the CCUS clusters in the UK to assess the social licence for industrial decarbonisation.

Affiliations and expertise

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester, UK

George Dowson

Dr. George Dowson completed my PhD in Chemistry at the University of Bristol, before moving to the University of Sheffield Chemical Engineering department where he spent the last decade working with Professor Peter Styring on novel point-source carbon capture techniques. Additionally he has been developing catalytic and regenerative processes for creating synthetic fuels from captured carbon dioxide, with the aim to make impacts in the difficult-to-defossilise areas of the economy such as steel production (for capture) and the aviation sector (for fuels). His hope is that these innovations can play a role in enclosing the circular economy to allow a sustainable and just transition away from fossil carbon resources.

Affiliations and expertise

UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilisation and the Sustain Manufacturing Hub, University of Sheffield, UK

Peter Styring

Peter Styring is Professor of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry at the University of Sheffield where his research sits at the interface between the two disciplines. He is interested in carbon capture agents that not only achieve high levels of activity and selectivity, but which also act as catalysts or catalyst supports for the in situ conversion of CO2 into valuable products. Peter also works across disciplines with experts in other fields to take into account social and economic factors such as energy integration, public perception and supply chain economics.

Peter is Chair of the CO2Chem Network (www.co2chem.com), an EPSRC Grand Challenge Network bringing together collaborators interested in CCU. Together with Katy Armstrong and collaborators at ECN in the Netherlands he has co-authored the policy document “Carbon Capture and Utilisation in the Green Economy” (ISBN 978-0-9572588-1-5 for eBook) which has received considerable global attention. A recent paper has been published in Chimica Oggi that reviews some of the catalytic approaches to CCU. Peter is a former EPSRC Senior Media Fellow working to make science and engineering more accessible to the public so is experienced at writing to attract all levels. In 2007 he was awarded the IChemE Hanson Medal for a paper on ski engineering, written to appeal to a wide audience.

Affiliations and expertise

UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilization, The University of Sheffield, UK

Graham Andrews

Master of Geology (2000) and PhD (2006) from the University of Leicester, England. Author of over 30 peer-reviewed papers and reports on different aspects of volcanology and structural geology, especially those related to mineral and energy resources. Passionate about mineralization of volcanic rocks to sequester and store CO2.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, USA

Stephen McCord

Stephen McCord holds both a M.Eng and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering both awarded by the University of Sheffield. His research interests focus primarily on the application of techno-economic assessment and life cycle assessment on emerging technologies within the CCUS sector. He has particular research interest in the development of robust methods for producing integrated economic & environmental assessments and for the development of multi-criteria approaches to improve holistic decision making within CCUS.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Fellow at the Global CO2 Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA

Pol Knops

Pol Knops has been involved in mineralization for 15 years. Has publications on both ambient weathering (with Wageningen University, Dutch Marine Research institute) and about accelerated mineralisation (with KU Leuven, RWTH Aachen). Attended conferences about this specific topic and organized the "olivine conference" before even "negative emissions" were known. Before that he was involved in developing novel sustainable processes (treating sewage sludge, chicken manure, bio-oil etc.).

Affiliations and expertise

Paebbl: A startup focussing at accelerated mineralisation; www.paebbl.com.

Renaud de Richter

Renaud de Richter was born in Mexico City, Mexico and has lived in France since 1973. Renaud graduated from the engineering school of chemistry of Montpellier, France in 1985 with a Master’s degree in chemistry. His PhD degree obtained in 1989 was on organoborane asymmetric synthesis. After postdoctoral research at the school of pharmacy of Minneapolis, Minnesota, he worked in a pharmaceutical start up in Paris, and is co-author of several patents. In 1995 Renaud moved to Montpellier to work for the French governmental agency in charge of health products, where he served as Department Manager from 1998 until 2004, supervising a team of 33 people. Since 2010 Renaud has worked in cooperation with the Engineering School of Chemistry of Montpellier University on greenhouse gases removal. His current research interests include the application of photocatalytic chemistry and processes for environmental protection to fight climate change and for remediation purposes. Together with Chinese co-authors, they were the first to propose different methods to remove several greenhouse gases at a climatically significant scale, such as methane and tropospheric (surface) ozone.

Affiliations and expertise

Engineering school of chemistry, the University of Montpellier, France

Tingzhen Ming

Prof. Tingzhen Ming joined Wuhan University of Technology in 2015 as a professor and served as Chair at Department of Built Environment and Energy Engineering since 2018. He graduated from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2007 with a PhD degree in Engineering Thermophysics. In 2003, Prof. Ming worked at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, later he worked at Nanyang Technological University, University of Florida, and University of North Texas. His expertise includes heat and mass transfer, renewable energy, energy and buildings, carbon neutral technology, and micro/nano heat transfer.

Affiliations and expertise

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China

Wei Li

Dr Wei Li joined the University of Edinburgh in 2021 as a Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering. He studied chemical engineering at the Nanjing University of Technology, obtaining his B.Eng. and Ph.D. in 2008. His first employment started at The University of Hong Kong (Department of Chemistry), followed by research positions at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Department of Physics) and the University of Liverpool. Before he joined UoE, Dr Li also had worked at the National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, and Aston University. His expertise includes nanoengineering of photocatalytic materials and reaction engineering of photocatalytic processes.

Affiliations and expertise

Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Michael Tyka

Mike Tyka studied Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the University of Bristol. He obtained his PhD in Biophysics in 2007 and went on to work as a research fellow at the University of Washington and has been studying the structure and dynamics of protein molecules. In particular, he has been interested in protein folding and has been writing computer simulation software to better understand this fascinating process. Protein folding is the way our genetic code is interpreted from an abstract sequence of data into the functional enzymes and nano machines that drive our bodies. Mike currently works on machine learning at Google in Seattle.

Affiliations and expertise

Artist, Researcher and Google Engineer, USA

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Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation

Purchase options

World Book Day Celebration!

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Steve A. Rackley

Adrienne Sewel

Diarmaid Clery

George Dowson

Peter Styring

Graham Andrews

Stephen McCord

Pol Knops

Renaud de Richter

Tingzhen Ming

Wei Li

Michael Tyka

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