Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers

1st Edition - January 20, 2014
Editors: Sangamesh G. Kum bar, Cato Laurencin, Meng Deng
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 6 9 8 3 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 2 9 0 - 3

Polymers are important and attractive biomaterials for researchers and clinical applications due to the ease of tailoring their chemical, physical and biological properties for ta… Read more

Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers

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Polymers are important and attractive biomaterials for researchers and clinical applications due to the ease of tailoring their chemical, physical and biological properties for target devices. Due to this versatility they are rapidly replacing other classes of biomaterials such as ceramics or metals. As a result, the demand for biomedical polymers has grown exponentially and supports a diverse and highly monetized research community. Currently worth $1.2bn in 2009 (up from $650m in 2000), biomedical polymers are expected to achieve a CAGR of 9.8% until 2015, supporting a current research community of approximately 28,000+.

Summarizing the main advances in biopolymer development of the last decades, this work systematically covers both the physical science and biomedical engineering of the multidisciplinary field. Coverage extends across synthesis, characterization, design consideration and biomedical applications. The work supports scientists researching the formulation of novel polymers with desirable physical, chemical, biological, biomechanical and degradation properties for specific targeted biomedical applications.

Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Chapter 1: Polymer Synthesis and Processing

Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Polymerization
1.3 Techniques of Polymerization
1.4 Polymers: Properties, Synthesis, and Their Biomedical Applications
1.5 Processing of Polymers for Biomedical Devices
1.6 Future Perspectives
1.7 Conclusions

Chapter 2: Hierarchical Characterization of Biomedical Polymers

Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Hierarchical Characterization Approach
2.3 Bulk Characterization
2.4 Surface Characterization
2.5 Future Prospects

Chapter 3: Proteins and Poly(Amino Acids)

Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fibrin-Based Biomaterials
3.3 Elastin-Based Biomaterials
3.4 Silk-Based Biomaterials
3.5 Collagen-Based Biomaterials
3.6 Poly(Glutamic Acid)-Based Biomaterials
3.7 Cyanophycin and Poly(Aspartic Acid)-Based Biomaterials
3.8 Poly-L-Lysine-Based Biomaterials
3.9 Conclusions and Future Work

Chapter 4: Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives for Biomedical Applications

Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hyaluronic Acid
4.3 Chondroitin Sulfate
4.4 Chitin and Chitosan
4.5 Alginic Acid
4.6 Cellulose
4.7 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Chitosan as a Biomaterial: Structure, Properties, and Applications in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chitosan Chemistry
5.3 Chitosan Physics
5.4 Biological Properties of Chitosan
5.5 Chitosan Application in Tissue Engineering
5.6 Chitosan Application in Drug Delivery
5.7 Conclusions

Chapter 6: Poly(α-ester)s

Abstract
6.1 Advantages of Absorbable Poly(α-Ester)s
6.2 Polylactides, Polyglycolides, and Copolymers Thereof
6.3 Bacterial and Other Recombinant Polyesters

Chapter 7: Polyurethanes

Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis and Characterization
7.3 Impact of Composition on Polyurethane Properties
7.4 Phase Separation Behavior
7.5 Calcification
7.6 Polyurethane Applications
7.7 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Poly(Ester Amide)s: Recent Developments on Synthesis and Applications

Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of PEAs
8.3 Design of PEAs with a Given Microstructure
8.4 Liquid Crystals and Rigid-Chain PEAs
8.5 PEAs from Renewable Sources
8.6 Miscellaneous Applications of PEAs
8.7 Conclusions

Chapter 9: Progress in Functionalized Biodegradable Polyesters

Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Functionalized Polyesters

Chapter 10: Polyanhydrides

Abstract
10.1 History of Polyanhydrides
10.2 Properties of Polyanhydrides
10.3 Synthesis of Polyanhydrides
10.4 Classes of Polyanhydrides
10.5 Biodegradability
10.6 Biocompatibility
10.7 Applications

Chapter 11: Polyphosphazenes

Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis of Polyphosphazenes
11.3 Biodegradable Polyphosphazenes
11.4 Applications of Biodegradable Polyphosphazenes in Tissue Engineering
11.5 Conclusions and Future Trends

Chapter 12: Pseudo Poly(Amino Acids) Composed of Amino Acids Linked by Nonamide Bonds such as Esters, Imino Carbonates, and Carbonates

Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis of "Pseudo" Poly(Amino Acid)
12.3 Ester-Based "Pseudo" Poly(Amino Acids)
12.4 Amide-Based "Pseudo" Poly(Amino Acids)
12.5 Carbonate-Based "Pseudo" Poly(Amino Acids)
12.6 Urethane-Based "Pseudo" Poly(Amino Acids)
12.7 Conclusions

Chapter 13: Polyacetals

Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biomedical Applications
13.3 Conclusions

Chapter 14: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering for Soft Tissue Reconstruction

Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biomaterials
14.3 Cell Sources
14.4 Discussion

Chapter 15: Dendrimers and Its Biomedical Applications

Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Synthesis and Characterization
15.3 Dendrimer Types
15.4 Drug Loading in Dendrimers
15.5 Biomedical Applications
15.6 Summary

Chapter 16: Design Strategies and Applications of Citrate-Based Biodegradable Elastomeric Polymers

Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Design Strategies of CABEs
16.3 Applications of CABEs
16.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments

Chapter 17: Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Biomaterials Development

Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomaterials
17.3 Nucleic Acid Aptamers
17.4 Development of Aptamer-Functionalized Biomaterials
17.5 Conclusion

Chapter 18: Biomedical Applications of Nondegradable Polymers

Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nondegradable Polymers as Biomaterials
18.3 Characterization
18.4 Future Prospects

Chapter 19: Polymeric Biomaterials for Implantable Prostheses

Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biocompatibility of Polymeric Prostheses
19.3 Structural Compatibility and Mechanical Durability of Polymeric Prostheses
19.4 Applications of Polymeric Biomaterials in Implantable Prostheses
19.5 Emerging Classes of Polymeric Biomaterials for Implantable Prostheses
19.6 Conclusion and Perspectives

Chapter 20: Polymeric Materials in Drug Delivery

Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Mechanical/Thermal Properties of Polymers
20.3 Surface and Morphological Characterization of Polymers
20.4 Biocompatibility Testing of Polymeric Materials
20.5 In Vitro Dissolution Testing Methods for Polymeric Formulations
20.6 Conclusions

Chapter 21: Polymeric Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
21.3 Synthetic Polymers in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
21.4 Conclusions

Chapter 22: Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Diagnostics in the Central Nervous System

Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Current Standards for Medical Diagnostics in the CNS
22.3 The Challenge of Diagnostics in the CNS
22.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
22.5 Lipid-Based Nanocarrier Diagnostic Systems
22.6 Dendrimers
22.7 Quantum Dots
22.8 Microbubbles
22.9 Biosensors
22.10 Toxicity
22.11 Theranostics
22.12 Conclusion and Future Opportunities

Chapter 23: Polymeric Biomaterials in Nanomedicine

Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Polymeric Nanomedicine Considerations
23.3 Polymeric Nanomedicine Applications
23.4 Nanotoxicity and Polymeric Challenges
23.5 Conclusions

Index

Sangamesh G. Kum bar

Dr. Kumbar is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Connecticut. His research is focused on synthesis and characterization of novel biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. These polymeric materials namely polysaccharides, polyphosphazenes, polyanhydrides, polyesters as well as blends of two or more of the polymeric materials and composites combining the polymeric materials with ceramics in the form of 3-dimentional porous structures will serve as scaffolds for variety of tissue engineering applications. Dr. Kumbar is an active member of Society for Biomaterials (SFB), Controlled Release Society (CRS), Materials Research Society (MRS) and Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS). Dr. Kumbar is serving as a reviewer for more than 25 journals in the field of biomaterials, drug delivery and tissue engineering. He has recently edited a book “Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers” Elsevier Science & Technology, 2014- ISBN: 978-0-12-396983-5. He is also on the Editorial Board of more than 7 journals in the area of his expertise including Journal of Biomedical Materials Research-Part B, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, and Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Connecticut Health Center, USA

Cato Laurencin

Dr. Laurencin is the Van Dusen Distinguished Endowed Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Professor of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Connecticut. In addition, Dr. Laurencin is a University Professor at the University of Connecticut (the 7th in the institution’s history). He is the Director of both the Institute for Regenerative Engineering, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center. Dr. Laurencin serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science at UCONN.

Dr. Laurencin earned his undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering from Princeton, his medical degree, Magna Cum Laude, from Harvard Medical School, and his Ph.D. in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology from M.I.T.

A board certified orthopaedic surgeon and shoulder/ knee specialist, he won the Nicolas Andry Award from the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. His discoveries in research have been highlighted by Scientific American Magazine, and more recently by National Geographic Magazine in its “100 Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World” edition.

Dr. Laurencin is an outstanding mentor and he has received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring in ceremonies at the White House. Dr. Laurencin has received the Elizabeth Hurlock Beckman Award for mentoring, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Mentor Award.

Dr. Laurencin previously served as the UConn Health Center’s Vice President for Health Affairs and Dean of the School of Medicine. Prior to that, Dr. Laurencin was the Lillian T. Pratt Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Virginia, and Orthopaedic Surgeon-in-Chief for the University of Virginia Health System.

Dr. Laurencin is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is also an elected member of the National Academy of Inventors.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

Meng Deng

Affiliations and expertise

The University of Connecticut Health Center, USA

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Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers

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Sangamesh G. Kum bar

Cato Laurencin

Meng Deng