Nanostructures for Drug Delivery

Chapter 1: Therapeutic nanomaterials: from a drug delivery perspective
C. Ganesh Kumar

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. General Methods of Synthesis of Nanomaterials
• 3. Characterization of Nanomaterials
• 4. Applications of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 2: Core–shell drug carriers: liposomes, polymersomes, and niosomes
Nily Dan

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Self-Assembled Bilayers
• 3. Liposomes as Drug Carriers
• 4. Polymersomes as Drug Carriers
• 5. Niosomes as Drug Carriers
• 6. Biomedical Applications of Core–Shell Vesicular Drug Carriers
• 7. Discussion
• 8. Conclusions
• Conflict of Interests

Chapter 3: The new nanocarriers based on graphene and graphene oxide for drug delivery applications
Mehrdad Hamidi

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Chemistry of the Graphene Surface
• 3. Modification of Graphene Surface for Drug Delivery Applications
• 4. In Vitro Toxicology and Biosafety of Graphene Derivative
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 4: Nanostructured nanoparticles for improved drug delivery
Xavier Banquy

• Abstract
• Abbreviations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Core–Shell Nanostructure
• 3. The Capsule and Vesicle Nanostructure
• 4. Multicompartment Nanoparticles
• 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 5: Design of functionalized materials for use in micronanoscale drug delivery devices and smart patches
James Davis and Ashleigh Anderson

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Traditional Approaches to Drug Delivery
• 3. Compliance
• 4. Evolution of Smart Drug Delivery Devices
• 5. Electrochemical Approaches to Drug Release
• 6. Innovation and Application
• 7. Conclusions

Chapter 6: Niosomes: a novel approach in modern drug delivery systems
Sepideh Khoee

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Factors Affecting the Formation of Niosomes
• 3. Types of Niosomes
• 4. Niosome Preparation
• 5. Characterization
• 6. Advantages of Niosomes
• 7. Limitation of Niosomal Drug Delivery System
• 8. Comparison of Niosomes Versus Liposomes
• 9. In-Vivo Behavior of Niosomes
• 10. Pharmaceutical Applications and Administration of Niosomes
• 11. Final Consideration and Outlook

Chapter 7: Nanofibrous and nanoparticle materials as drug-delivery systems
Masoud Latifi

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nanoparticle Materials in Drug-Delivery Systems
• 3. Nanofibrous Materials as Drug-Delivery Systems
• 4. Future Directions

Chapter 8: Brush polymer-based nanostructures for drug delivery
Chong Cheng

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Structural Design of BP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems
• 3. BP-Based Encapsulated Drug-Delivery Systems
• 4. BP-Based Conjugated Drug-Delivery Systems
• 5. Multifunctional BP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems
• 6. Summary
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 9: Drug delivery systems based on titania nanostructures
Grzegorz D. Sulka

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nanostructured TiO2 Used for Drug Delivery Systems
• 3. Drug Loading
• 4. Drug Release
• 5. Functionalization of TiO2 Nanostructures
• 6. Other Types of Nanostructured TiO2 Used as Drug Delivery Systems
• 7. Conclusions

Chapter 10: Redox activated polymeric nanoparticles in tumor therapy
Khaled Greish

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Reactive Chemical Species in Human Physiology
• 3. Origins of Enhanced Free Radical Production in Tumors
• 4. Active and Passive Drug-Delivery Systems
• 5. Redox Responsive Drug-Delivery Systems
• 6. Miscellaneous Systems
• 7. Conclusions

Chapter 11: Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles for controlled and targeted drug delivery
Magdalena Stevanovic

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles for a Controlled Delivery of Active Substances
• 3. Formulation of Micro- and Nanopolymer Particles
• 4. The Most Widely Used Incorporation Techniques
• 5. Characteristics of Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles With an Encapsulated Vitamin as an Active Substance and Their Comparison
• 6. Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 12: Novel gels: implications for drug delivery
Swarnali Das Paul

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Hydrogels
• 3. In situ Gel
• 4. Emulsion Gels
• 5. Microgel
• 6. Nanogels
• 7. Vesicular Gel
• 8. Future Prospects

Chapter 13: Nanosuspension drug delivery system: preparation, characterization, postproduction processing, dosage form, and application
Jian Zhong

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Preparation of Liquid Nanosuspension DDS
• 3. Characterization of Nanosuspension DDS
• 4. Postproduction Processing
• 5. Dosage Form of Nanosuspension DDS
• 6. Application of Nanosuspension DDS
• 7. Summary and Outlook
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 14: Polymer-based nanocarriers for therapeutic nucleic acids delivery
Weien Yuan

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Current Challenges and Barriers for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids Delivery
• 3. Advantages and Uniqueness of Polymer-Based Nanocarriers for Addressing Existing Challenges and Barriers
• 4. Recent Examples of Polymer-Based Nanocarriers for Therapeutic Nucleic-Acids Delivery
• 5. Other Considerations for Polymer-Based Nanocarriers for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids Delivery
• 6. Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 15: Multifunctional therapeutic hybrid nanocarriers for targeted and triggered drug delivery: recent trends and future prospects
Gokcen Birlik Demirel

• Abstract
• Abbreviations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Metal Nanoparticles
• 3. Silica Nanoparticles
• 4. Polymeric Nanoparticles
• 5. Core/Shell Nanoparticles
• 6. Conclusion and Future Prospects

Chapter 16: Lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery
Ragwa Mohamed Farid

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Routes of Delivery (Thakur and Kashiv, 2011)
• 3. Major Physiological Barriers of the Eye to Topical Ocular Drug Delivery
• 4. Requisites of Controlled Ocular Delivery (Wilson, 2004)
• 5. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Topical Ocular Delivery Systems (Gan et al., 2013)
• 6. Conclusions

Chapter 17: Nanoparticulate carrier(s): an emerging paradigm in new generation vaccine development
Suresh P. Vyas

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Advantages of Nanoparticulate-based Vaccine Delivery
• 3. Generation of Immune Response
• 4. Design Aspects in the New Generation of Vaccine Development
• 5. Nanocarrier(s) Properties that Make Suitable Cargo for Vaccine Delivery
• 6. Nanoparticulate Carriers as a Versatile Platform for Vaccine Delivery
• 7. New Generation Vaccines
• 8. Conclusions

Chapter 18: Pathogen-specific nucleic acid aptamers as targeting components of antibiotic and gene delivery systems
Serap Evran

• Abstract
• 1. SELEX for Selection of Specific and High-Affinity Aptamers
• 2. Aptamers for Pathogenic Cells
• 3. Nanoparticle-Based Antimicrobial Gene Delivery
• 4. Functionalization of Nanocarriers
• 5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 19: Multifunctional nanosized emulsions for theragnosis of life threatening diseases
Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal

• Abstract
• Abbreviations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. O/W-Type Nanosized Emulsions (NE) Generations
• 3. Future Perspectives
• 4. Conclusions

Chapter 20: Therapeutic nanostructures for pulmonary drug delivery
Yousef Javadzadeh

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nanoparticles
• 3. Pulmonary Drug Delivery
• 4. Drugs Suitable for Pulmonary Drug Delivery
• 5. Nanostructures for Drug Delivery to the Lungs
• 6. Pulmonary Delivery Devices
• 7. Deposition of Inhaled Particles in Respiratory Tract
• 8. Fate of Inhaled Particles
• 9. Evaluation of the Fate of Inhaled Particles
• 10. Conclusions

Chapter 21: Nanostructures in transdermal drug delivery systems
Gul Majid Khan and Naveed Ahmed

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Skin Anatomy
• 3. Permeation Pathways Across Skin
• 4. Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery Compared to Other Routes of Administration
• 5. Advantages of Nanostructures in TDDS
• 6. Physicochemical Properties of Nanostructures Required for Good Permeation
• 7. Types of Nanostructures Used in TDDS
• 8. Limitations of Nanostructures in TDDS
• 9. Applications of Nanostructures in TDDS
• 10. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 22: Advancement in pulmonary drug delivery systems for treatment of tuberculosis
Amit Kumar Goyal

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Burden of Disease and Progress Toward Global Targets
• 3. Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
• 4. Current Antitubercular Chemotherapy
• 5. Pulmonary Drug Delivery
• 6. Advanced Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI)
• 7. Carriers Used for Pulmonary Delivery of ATDs
• 8. Conclusions and Future Prospectives
• Acknowledgment

Chapter 23: Nanosized devices as antibiotics and antifungals delivery: past, news, and outlook
Rosario Pignatello

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Liposomes
• 3. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
• 4. Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
• 5. Chemical Drug Delivery Systems
• 6. Conclusions and Future Outlooks

Chapter 24: Drug delivery mediated by confined nanosystems: structure-activity relations and factors responsible for the efficacy of formulations
Lucia Zakharova

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Surfactant-Based Formulations; Structure-Activity Relations as Criteria for the Choice of Building Blocks
• 3. Cationic Surfactants as Agents for DNA Transfection
• 4. Binding/Release Properties of Self-Assembled Systems
• 5. Biomaterials for Hydrophilic Peptides
• 6. Penetration Through BBB
• 7. Conclusions
• Acknowledgment

Chapter 25: Therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies: general aspects and challenges for drug delivery
Santiago Daniel Palma

• Abstract
• 1. General Introduction
• 2. Mabs Production
• 3. Antibody–Drug Conjugates
• 4. Nanotechnology’s Potential Impact on Mabs
• 5. Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
• 6. Future Trends of Monoclonal Antibodies

Chapter 26: Targeted drug delivery via chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles
Gozde Unsoy

• Abstract
• 1. Nanotechnology-Based Targeted Drug-Delivery Systems
• 2. Targeting Strategies in Drug Delivery
• 3. Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 4. Chitosan as a Surface Coating Material for Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 5. Synthesis Methods for Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 6. Magnetically Targeted Drug Delivery via Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 7. Cellular Internalization of Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 8. Drug Release From Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 9. Toxicity of Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 10. Administration Routes of Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
• 11. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 27: Drug delivery: advancements and challenges
Gaurav Verma

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Drug Delivery into the Brain
• 3. Oral Drug Delivery Systems
• 4. Targeted Drug Delivery
• 5. Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
• 6. Modern Drug Delivery: Challenges
• 7. Conclusions

Chapter 28: Stimuli-responsive liposome and control release drug
Xue Qin An

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Liposomes
• 3. Stimuli-Responsive Liposome
• 4. Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 29: Nanotechnology to enhance transdermal delivery of hydrophilic humectants for improved skin care: a model for therapeutic applications
Marek K. Dobke

• Abstract
• 1. Basic Concepts
• 2. Transdermal Agents Delivery and Nanotechnology
• 3. Humectants for Improved Skin Care: A Model for Therapeutic Applications
• 4. Conclusions and Lessons From Humectants for Skin Care Modeling Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnologies

Chapter 30: Nanostructures for drug delivery: pharmacokinetic and toxicological aspects
Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery
• 3. Main Applications
• 4. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Systems
• 5. Toxicological Effects of Nanoparticles
• 6. Determination of Toxicity
• 7. Toxicity
• 8. Conclusions
• Acknowledgments