Nanomedicine in Translational Research

Status and Future Challenges

1st Edition - September 17, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Kaladhar Kamalasanan, Chandra P. Sharma
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 5 7 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 5 8 - 0

Nanomedicine in Translational Research: Status and Future Challenges harnesses the current developments and future directions of diagnostic and therapeutic solutions in cli… Read more

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Nanomedicine in Translational Research: Status and Future Challenges harnesses the current developments and future directions of diagnostic and therapeutic solutions in clinical scenarios. This book integrates nanomedicine and biomaterials to develop healthcare technology for improved patient care and clinical practices, through applications using theranostics, biomaterials, 3-D printing, regenerative medicines, and nanosystems.

Those in this multidisciplinary field will need to improve procedures and protocols, as well as regulatory guidelines and their clinical implications. This book will be highly useful as it is written by experts in the field for researchers working in the areas of nanotechnology, biomaterials, drug delivery, and pharmaceuticals for chronic diseases.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Section I. Nanomedicine: Fundamentals
Chapter 1. An introduction to nanomedicine - past, present, and future
1 Introduction
2 Definition of nanoscience and nanotechnology
3 The pioneers of nanotechnology
4 Global initiatives for nanotechnology to nanomedicine research
5 Modern era of nanotechnology and nanomedicine
6 Established approaches in nanodrug therapy
7 Potential advantages of nanomedicine
8 Nanotechnology and cancer treatment
9 Nanotechnologies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases
10 Artificial intelligence to bring nanomedicine to life
11 Conclusions and future outlook
Chapter 2. Properties of biomaterials at nano range
1 Introduction
1.1 Theories of nanoscale property
1.1.1 Size
1.2 Shape
1.3 Surface charge
1.4 Surface topography
1.5 Surface kinetics
1.6 Surface anisotropy
1.7 Kaladhar-Sharma rafty surface
1.8 Kaladhar-Sharma anisotropic pendant polymer
2 Ceramics
3 Polymers
4 Lipid
5 Metals
6 Carbon-based materials
7 Dual nanoparticle
8 Conclusion
Chapter 3. In vitro systems to demonstrate the nano effect (scope: In vitro systems to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of biomaterials for nanomedicine applications)
1 Introduction
2 Nanomaterials used in medicine
2.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
2.2 Dendrimers
2.3 Micelles
2.4 Nanogels
2.5 Polymer drug conjugate
2.6 Metal nanoparticles
2.7 Nanotubes and hydrogels
2.8 Liposomes
3 Need for safety and efficacy assessment of nanomaterials in medicine
4 Methods for evaluating nanomedicine safety
4.1 Physiochemical properties of NPs influencing toxicity
4.1.1 Size and surface area of nanoparticle
4.1.2 Shape
4.1.3 Surface charge and agglomeration
4.1.4 Chemical composition
4.1.5 Adsorption capacity
4.1.6 Surface chemistry/surface coating
4.2 Conventional methods
4.2.1 Uptake analysis
4.2.2 Oxidative stress analysis
4.2.3 Cell viability assays
4.2.4 Genotoxicity testing
4.2.5 Inflammatory response
4.2.6 Apoptosis assay
5 Advanced methods
5.1 Lateral flow immunoassay
5.2 Micro- and nanoelectrode for ROS measurement
5.3 Stem cell technology
5.4 Omics approach
5.4.1 Transcriptomics
5.4.2 Proteomics
5.4.3 Metabolomics
5.5 Organ on a chip model
6 Conclusion and future scope
Chapter 4. Toxicology of biomaterials at nanoscale
1 Introduction
2 Nanoparticles dose
3 Nanoparticles surface reactivity
4 Nanoparticles and environment
5 Nanoparticles boundaries with target cells
6 Nanoparticles and route of entry
7 Guidelines regarding in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo toxicological evaluation of biomaterials at the nanoscale
8 Nanomaterial combination products and evaluation of toxicology
9 Genotoxicity of nanoparticles
10 Mechanisms of in vitro and in vivo toxicology
10.1 Oxidative, inflammatory, and genotoxic consequences of nanoparticle exposure
11 Cellular uptake of nanoparticles
12 Reproductive toxicology of metal nanoparticles
13 Future practical consideration for nanoparticles toxicology
Chapter 5. Porphyrinoid based single molecule to nanotheranostics towards personalized diagnosis and treatment
1 Introduction
2 Porphyrin based theranostics
2.1 Simple porphyrin based systems
2.1.1 MR image guided theranostics
2.1.2 Fluorescence imaging
2.2 Expanded porphyrin theranostics
2.2.1 Hexaphyrin (1.1.1.1.1.1)
2.2.2 Texaphyrin
2.2.3 Rubyrin and Sapphyrin
2.2.4 Octaphyrin and Rosarin
3 Conclusion
Section II. Nanomaterials for biomedical application
Chapter 6. Nanomaterials for biomedical applications
1 Introduction
1.1 A historical perspective
2 Emerging material for biomedical applications
2.1 Kaladhar-littile zero-dimensional nanotube
2.2 Kaladhar-little patchy anisotropic particle
2.3 Shefrin-Kaladhar shape anisotropic lipid nanoparticles
2.4 Sreejith-Kaladhar controlled polymorphism inside a drug reservoir
2.5 Jeevna-Kaladhar biomimetic niosomal nano particles
2.6 Metal dichalcogenides
2.7 2D metal carbides and nitrides
2.8 Nanodiamond
2.9 Graphene
2.10 Polymer nanosheets
2.11 Zero dimensional nanomaterials
3 Challenges and future dimension of biomaterials in the biomedical field
4 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Nanosystems - Combination products
1 Introduction
2 Metered dose inhalers
3 Transdermal delivery systems and microneedles
4 Microneedles in ocular delivery
5 Cardiac stents
6 Ureteral stents
7 Hernia mesh
8 Tissue-engineered nanoparticles loaded vascular grafts
9 Combination product regulations
10 Future perspectives of 3D printable combination products
Chapter 8. Carbon quantum dots, a novel theranostics nanoprobe in biomedical engineering
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis
2.1 Hydrothermal synthesis
2.2 Electrochemical/chemical oxidation synthesis
2.3 Laser ablation
2.4 Microwave-assisted synthesis
2.5 Ultrasonic treatment
2.6 Solvothermal treatment
3 Carbon nanodots and their application
3.1 Tissue engineering
3.1.1 Neuronal regeneration/tissue engineering
3.1.2 Wound healing
3.1.3 Bone tissue engineering
3.2 Drug delivery and nanomedicine
3.3 Bioimaging
4 Conclusion and future directions
Chapter 9. Nanosystems for pharmaceutical applications
1 Introduction
2 Nanosystems in pharmaceutical formulations
2.1 Liposomes
2.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
2.3 Metal nanoparticles
3 Regulatory guidelines and standards for nanopharmaceuticals
4 Understanding uptake, distribution, and clearance
5 Transforming cancer management with nanosystems
5.1 Nanosystems in cancer detection and diagnosis
5.2 Nanosystems in cancer therapy
6 Nanosystems in infectious disease management
6.1 Nanosystems in infectious disease detection and diagnosis
6.2 Nanosystems in treatment of infectious diseases
7 Nanosystems for battling drug resistance
8 Challenges in building and applying nanosystems
9 Effect of nanosystems on environmental and public health
10 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Scope of biomaterials for theranostics application
1 Introduction
2 Nanotheranostics
3 Design of theranostic nanoparticles
3.1 Carriers
3.2 Therapeutic agents
3.3 Surface modifiers
3.4 Imaging agents
4 Nano biomaterials as theranostic agents
4.1 Nanoparticle based biomaterials (nanobiomaterials)
4.2 Types of nanobiomaterials
5 Fabrication techniques of biomaterials
6 Metal based nanomaterials for theranostics
7 Carbon-based materials for theranostics
8 Polymer based materials for theranostics
9 Ceramic based materials for theranostics
10 Quantum dot-based materials for theranostics
11 New class of materials for theranostics
12 Low-temperature plasma assisted theranostics
13 Challenges and future scope
14 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Redox nanotherapeutics: Fundamentals and applications
1 Fundamentals
2 Nanomaterials-scavenged oxidative stress in inflammation
2.1 Mechanisms of action
2.1.1 ROS scavenging
2.1.2 Antioxidant activity
2.1.3 Enzyme-like activity
2.1.4 Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles
2.1.5 Metal chelation
2.2 Applications in inflammatory diseases
2.2.1 Rheumatoid arthritis
2.2.2 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
2.2.3 Atherosclerosis
2.2.4 Pulmonary inflammation
2.2.5 Skin inflammation
2.3 Advantages of nanomaterials
2.3.1 Targeted delivery
2.3.2 Biocompatibility
2.3.3 Sustained release
2.4 Challenges and considerations
2.4.1 Biodegradability
2.4.2 Safety
2.4.3 Regulatory approval
3 Nanomaterials modulated oxidative stress in cancer therapy
3.1 Nanomaterials generating ROS (pro-oxidant)
3.1.1 Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles
3.1.2 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles
3.1.3 Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles
3.1.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials
3.2 Nanomaterials scavenging ROS (antioxidant)
3.2.1 Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles
3.2.2 Manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles
3.3 Mechanisms of action
3.3.1 ROS induction
3.3.2 Redox modulation
3.3.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction
3.4 Advantages of nanomaterials in cancer therapy
3.4.1 Selective cytotoxicity
3.4.2 Enhanced efficacy
3.4.3 Combination therapies
3.5 Applications in cancer therapy
3.5.1 Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
3.5.2 Radiotherapy sensitization
3.5.3 Drug delivery
3.6 Challenges and considerations
3.6.1 Biocompatibility
3.6.2 Targeted delivery
3.6.3 Regulatory approval
4 Nanomaterials scavenged oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases
4.1 Mechanisms of action
4.1.1 ROS scavenging
4.1.2 Antioxidant enzyme mimicry
4.1.3 Metal chelation
4.1.4 Redox balance modulation
4.2 Applications in cardiovascular diseases
4.2.1 Atherosclerosis
4.2.2 Hypertension
4.2.3 Heart failure
4.2.4 Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
4.3 Types of nanomaterials
4.3.1 Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles
4.3.2 Gold nanoparticles
4.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles
4.3.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials
4.4 Advantages of nanomaterials in CVDs
4.4.1 Targeted delivery
4.4.2 Enhanced stability
4.4.3 Reduced side effects
4.5 Challenges and considerations
4.5.1 Biocompatibility and safety
4.5.2 Optimization of properties
4.5.3 Regulatory approval
5 Nanomaterials scavenged oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases
5.1 Mechanisms of action
5.1.1 ROS scavenging
5.1.2 Antioxidant enzyme mimicry
5.1.3 Metal chelation
5.1.4 Enhanced antioxidant capacity
5.2 Applications in neurodegenerative diseases
5.2.1 Alzheimer's disease (AD)
5.2.2 Parkinson's disease (PD)
5.2.3 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
5.2.4 Huntington's disease (HD)
5.3 Few examples of nanomaterials
5.3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
5.3.2 Metal-based nanoparticles
5.4 Advantages of nanomaterials in neurodegenerative diseases
5.4.1 Targeted delivery
5.4.2 Enhanced blood–brain barrier penetration
5.4.3 Neuroprotective effects
5.5 Challenges and considerations
5.5.1 Biocompatibility and BBB Crossing
5.5.2 Optimization of properties
5.5.3 Regulatory approval
5.6 Conclusion
6 Oxidative stress responsive nanomaterials in tissue regeneration
6.1 Mechanisms of action
6.1.1 ROS-triggered drug release
6.1.2 Antioxidant activity
6.1.3 Promotion of cellular signaling
6.1.4 Enhanced delivery of therapeutics
6.2 Applications in tissue regeneration
6.2.1 Wound healing
6.2.2 Bone regeneration
6.2.3 Cartilage repair
6.2.4 Skin regeneration
6.2.5 Nerve regeneration
6.3 Types of oxidative stress-responsive nanomaterials
6.3.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
6.3.2 Liposomes
6.3.3 Hydrogels
6.3.4 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
6.4 Advantages of oxidative stress-responsive nanomaterials
6.4.1 Site-specific delivery
6.4.2 Sustained release
6.4.3 Reduced side effects
6.4.4 Enhanced efficacy
6.5 Challenges and considerations
6.5.1 Biocompatibility and safety
6.5.2 Stability and longevity
6.5.3 Regulatory approval
7 Conclusion
8 Emerging redox therapeutics
8.1 Antioxidant-loaded biomaterials
8.1.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
8.1.2 Hydrogels
8.1.3 Redox-responsive biomaterials
8.1.4 Gold nanoparticles
8.1.5 Metal-containing biomaterials
8.1.6 Copper-containing biomaterials
8.1.7 Enzyme-immobilized biomaterials like superoxide dismutase (SOD)-
8.1.8 Catalase-immobilized nanoparticles
8.1.9 Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing biomaterials
8.1.10 NO-releasing nanoparticles
8.1.11 Hybrid redox biomaterials composite materials
8.1.12 Advantages of redox biomaterials
8.2 Challenges and considerations
8.2.1 Biocompatibility and safety
8.2.2 Controlled release
8.2.3 Regulatory approval
Section III. Emerging trends
Chapter 12. Smart therapeutics: Evolution from small biomolecules to synthetic cells
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of therapeutics: Conventional and nonconventional
2.1 Small-molecule drugs as traditional therapeutics
2.2 Peptides: Offering enhanced stability
2.3 Antibodies: Introducing specificity
2.4 Nucleic acids: Altering the genetic characteristics
2.5 Live cells: Toward nonconventional therapeutics
2.6 Synthetic cells: As a new class of therapeutics
3 Synthetic cells as smart therapeutics
4 Biomimetic functions for incorporation in synthetic cells
4.1 Energy supply
4.2 Metabolism
4.3 Cell signaling and communication
4.4 Cell replication and division
5 Nanomaterials for synthesizing synthetic cells
5.1 Coacervates
5.2 Polymerosomes
5.3 Colloidosomes
5.4 Micelles
5.5 Liposomes
6 Advantages of smart therapeutics
6.1 Easy engineering
6.2 Simpler biochemical reactions
6.3 Better specificity and precision
7 Limitations of smart therapeutics
8 Conclusion
Chapter 13. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning models in nanotherapeutics
1 Introduction to nanotherapeutics and artificial intelligence
2 Problem statement solving—Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
3 Rational design
4 Predictive modeling
5 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling
5.1 Pharmacokinetic modeling
5.2 Pharmacodynamic modeling
5.3 Systems pharmacology modeling
5.4 Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques
5.5 Multiscale modeling
5.6 Image-based analysis and diagnosis
5.7 Deep learning models
5.8 Machine learning algorithms
5.9 Bayesian models
5.10 Reinforcement learning (RL) models
5.11 Hybrid models
5.12 Algorithm transparency and accountability
Risk assessment
Informed consent and patient autonomy
Equity and access
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Nanomedicine in patient-specific clinical trend: Shape memory polymers for emerging biomedical applications and their future prospects
1 Introduction
1.1 Shape memory polymers: Advancements in nanomedicine
1.2 Advantages of biomedical devices utilizing shape memory polymers
2 Classification of Shape memory polymers
3 Current technologies and materials for shape memory polymers
3.1 Embolization
3.2 Chemoresponsive shape memory polymers
3.3 Shape memory polyurethane cellular solids
3.4 Shape memory polymers with carbon nanotubes
3.5 Electrically responsive shape memory polymer with carbon nanotube sponge
3.6 Shape memory polymers with vapor growth carbon fibers (VGCFs)
3.7 Biodegradable shape memory polymers
3.8 Thiol-ene/acrylate systems
3.9 Polyurethane shape memory polymers
3.10 Polylactic acid (PLA)-based shape memory materials
3.11 Artery bioregenerations assist tube/Neural Tube Defects repair
3.12 Spinal cord injuries (SCI) treatment
3.13 Hemostatic devices
3.14 Shape memory polymers for vascular and coronary devices
3.15 Shape memory polymers for bone and dental applications
3.16 Endovascular clot removal
3.17 Biosensors and microsystems
3.17.1 Temperature-sensitive biosensors
3.17.2 pH-sensitive biosensors
3.17.3 Microfluidics
3.18 Optical and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
3.19 Drug delivery carriers
3.20 Shape memory and self-reinforcing polymers as sutures and surgical fasteners
4 Challenging issues and risk associated with SMP based biomedical applications
5 Future Directions: contemporary scenario and prospects ahead
Section IV. Regulatory, quality and ethical issues
Chapter 15. Commercialized nanomedicines until to date
1 Introduction
2 Nano-sized drug substances
2.1 Nanocrystals
2.2 Polymeric drug substances
2.2.1 Glatiramer acetate
2.2.2 Dendrimer-based nanoparticles
3 Polymer–drug conjugates
3.1 Polyethylene glycol–drug conjugates
3.2 Pegylated peptides
3.3 Pegylated nucleic acid drugs
3.4 Pegylated small molecules
4 Polymer-bound nanoparticles
4.1 Polymer micelles
5 Protein-based nanoparticles
5.1 Proteins for small-molecule drug delivery
5.2 Proteins as nanodrugs
5.3 Protein nanoparticles as vaccines
6 Metal-based nanomedicine
6.1 Iron-colloidal suspensions for treating anemia
6.2 SPION as imaging agents
6.3 Metal nanoparticles for cancer therapy
7 Lipid-based nanoformulations
7.1 Small molecule formulations and delivery
7.2 Biologics formulation and delivery
8 Challenges with nanomedicine
8.1 Future of nanomedicine
Chapter 16. Therapeutic nanosystem development, quality control requirements, and ethical issues
1 Introduction
2 Nanosystem design, development, and approval process
3 Nanosystem Quality Assurance
4 Characterization and testing
5 Safety and regulatory compliance
5.1 European Union (EU)
5.2 United Kingdom
5.3 United States (U.S)
5.4 Canada
5.5 International (ICH, ISO and WHO)
5.6 Asia
5.6.1 Japan
5.6.2 India
6 Ethical considerations of nanotechnology and nanomedicines
6.1 Ethics of nanomedicine: navigating risks, consent, identity, and distribution
6.2 Ethical considerations in nanopharmaceuticals development: Balancing safety and informed choices
6.3 Ethical considerations and potential harm from nanomedical technology
6.4 Global collaboration and regulatory frameworks
7 Conclusion and future perspective
Chapter 17. Affordable and accessible nanomedicines: Ensuring right to health
1 Introduction
2 The trend of nanomedicine to address healthcare needs
3 Affordability and accessibility of nanomedicine based on DOXIL
4 Right to health
5 Right to health as a human right
6 Conclusion
Index

Kaladhar Kamalasanan

Dr. Kamalasanan is a Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy. He is the lead author of Roadmap for Biomaterials in Vision 2035 document by TIFAC, DST, India. He is an Industrial Pharmacist from Annamalai University and got trained in Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering under Dr. Chandra P. Sharma at SCTIMST. He got trained in immunology under Prof. Harald Renz at Philipps University in Marburg, Germany. Later, he did three-year postdoctoral research with Dr. Steven R Little in interdisciplinary areas of immunotherapeutics, nanotechnology, and drug delivery at McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, USA. After returning to India, he served as Chitra High Value Fellow Scientist-D at SCTIMST, India, for three years before moving to Amrita School of Pharmacy at Kochi, and is currently consulting for various organizations nationally and internationally. Dr. Kamalasanan has developed products that reached market filed several national and international patents, received numerous awards, and has several research articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings. He also actively participated in various professional society activities and has nearly 2 decades of research, technology development, and academic experience in translational medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Cochin, Kerala, India

Chandra P. Sharma

Dr. Chandra P. Sharma is Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, and Hon. Emeritus Professor, College of Biomedical Engineering & Applied Sciences, Purbanchal University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Dr. Sharma is a Solid-State Physicist from IIT Delhi and received his training in Biomaterials area in the University of Utah with Prof. D.J. Lyman as a graduate student and in the University of Liverpool, England with Prof. D.F. Williams as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate. Dr. Sharma has been awarded FBSE (Fellow Biomaterials Science & Engineering) by The International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science & Engineering (IUS-BSE) in 2008 and FBAO (Fellow Biomaterials and Artificial Organs) by Society for Biomaterials & Artificial Organs (India) (SBAOI) in 2011 and shares Whitaker and National Science Foundation Award – International Society for Artificial Organs (ISAO) USA, invited member ACS (2015-2018).

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health