Nanomechanics for Coatings and Engineering Surfaces

Test Methods, Development Strategies, Modeling Approaches, and Applications

1st Edition - November 5, 2024
Editors: Ben Beake, Tomasz Liskiewicz
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 3 3 4 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 3 3 5 - 0

Nanomechanics for Coatings and Engineering Surfaces: Test Methods, Development Strategies, Modeling Approaches, and Applications provides readers with an array of best practices… Read more

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Nanomechanics for Coatings and Engineering Surfaces: Test Methods, Development Strategies, Modeling Approaches, and Applications provides readers with an array of best practices for nanoindentation measurements as well as related small-scale test methods and how to translate test results into the development of improved coatings. A core theme of the book is explaining to readers exactly how, when, and why the nanomechanical properties of engineered surfaces relate to their wear resistance.

The book starts with chapters that introduce the development and importance of nanomechanical testing and linkages between wear resistance and the mechanical properties of coatings before moving into discussions of various experimental methods and techniques, such as nanoindentation, continuous stiffness measurements, nano-scratch methods, high-temperature testing, nano-impact testing, and more. Other sections discuss modeling approaches such as finite element analysis, atomistic and molecular dynamics, and analytical methods. Design strategies and industrial applications are covered next, with a final section looking at trends and future directions.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section I: Introduction
1. Development of nanomechanical testing
Abstract
1.1 Historical background and development of methods for unloading curve analysis
1.2 Practical factors influencing the accuracy of nanoindentation data and reliability of the properties obtained
1.3 Indentation fracture
1.4 Indentation size effects
1.5 Relating hardness to yield stress: the constraint factor
1.6 Indentation energy
1.7 The continuous stiffness technique
1.8 High strain rate testing
1.9 High-speed mapping
1.10 Testing under environmentally relevant conditions
1.11 Summary
References
2. Development of additional nanoscale wear test techniques
Abstract
2.1 Introduction – single-asperity tribology
2.2 Scratch and wear testing
2.3 AFM scratch and wear – even smaller length scale/contact size
2.4 Experimental techniques for nano-/microscale fretting and reciprocating wear testing
2.5 Repetitive contact – nano and micro-impact tests
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Linking coating mechanical properties and wear resistance
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Why coatings perform better in certain contact situations but not in others
3.3 Conclusions
References
Section II: Experimental methods and techniques
4. Nanoindentation—strategies for reliable measurements on coated systems
Abstract
4.1 Preconditions for correct and reliable measurements
4.2 Application of a radial displacement correction
4.3 Combined calibration of area function and instrument compliance
4.4 The influence of a tip rounding
4.5 Theoretical considerations for the measurement of coatings
4.6 Modulus measurements by fully elastic indentations
4.7 The use of dynamic test methods for the measurement of hardness and modulus
4.8 Examples for the measurement of coatings
References
5. Indentation energy-based analysis methods
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hardness and Young’s modulus
5.3 Fracture toughness and fracture energy
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Nano-scratch testing
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental considerations
6.3 General features
6.4 Multi-pass scratch testing
6.5 Influence of test temperature
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Reciprocating nano- and micro-scale wear testing
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Case studies on biomedical materials—Ti6Al4V, CoCrMo, and 316L stainless steel—influence of passivating oxide layer in reciprocating tests over different length scales
7.3 Case study on diamond-like carbon coatings on steel
7.4 Conclusions
References
8. Nanowear by atomic force microscopy
Abstract
8.1 Single-asperity nanotribology by atomic force microscopy
8.2 Limitations and strengths of atomic force microscopy
8.3 Friction and wear of ultrathin films
8.4 Line and area scanning comparison
References
9. Nano-impact testing
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental setup of micro/nano-impact testing
9.3 Multiple nano/microimpact testing
9.4 High-precision single nano-impact testing
9.5 Conclusions
References
10. Nanomechanical testing methods to understand the effects of residual stress on coating’s performance
Abstract
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Recent advances in residual stress measurement at micron scale: the focused ion beam ring-core method
10.3 Micron-scale fracture toughness analysis: the pillar splitting method
10.4 Discussion and conclusions
References
11. Multi-sensing approaches
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Multi-sensing approach using simultaneous record of acoustic emission
11.3 Electrical contact resistance measurement
11.4 Friction measurement
11.5 Nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy
11.6 Sensors and actuators
11.7 Multi-sensing in high strain rate contact
11.8 Electroplastic effect
References
12. High-temperature testing
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Strategies for reliable high-temperature nanomechanical test measurements
12.3 High-temperature pillar compression and microcantilever bending
12.4 High-temperature scratch and impact/high strain rate testing
12.5 Summary and conclusions
References
Section III: Modelling approaches
13. Analytical methods - applied
Abstract
13.1 Introduction of analytical modeling of coated systems
13.2 Working through practical examples
13.3 Thought experiments
13.4 Outlook
References
14. Numerical simulation and finite element analysis
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Contact stresses
14.3 Thin film mechanics and substrate effects during indentation
14.4 Simulation of normal loads and lateral indenter displacement
14.5 Beyond indentation and scratch analyses for coating/substrate simulation
14.6 Concluding remarks
References
15. High-performance molecular dynamics simulations to investigate nanoindentation of advanced engineering materials
Abstract
Abbreviations
Nomenclatures
15.1 Ingredients of a trustworthy molecular dynamics simulation
15.2 Postprocessing of the molecular dynamics data to extract the nanomechanical properties
15.3 High-order postprocessing analysis of the molecular dynamics simulation files to correlate with experiments
15.4 Scale differences between molecular dynamics simulations and nanoindentation experiments
15.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Section IV: Coatings and engineering surfaces: design strategies and industrial applications
16. The significance of hardness and elastic modulus in the design of engineered surfaces
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The importance of hardness and elastic modulus in tribology and surface engineering
16.3 The Archard Wear Equation
16.4 A brief historical perspective on hardness, hardness-to-modulus ratio, and wear-rate determination
16.5 Practical use of hardness-to-modulus ratio based parameters
16.6 Appropriate use of hardness-to-modulus ratio as a design tool—fundamental considerations
16.7 A case study
16.8 Summarizing remarks
Acknowledgment
References
17. Thin protective coatings on silicon for microelectromechanical systems
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Silicon (100)—phase transformation and cracking
17.3 Coatings to protect silicon − thin ta-C films
17.4 Conclusions
References
18. Diamond-like carbon coatings on steel for automotive applications
Abstract
18.1 Introduction to diamond-like carbon coatings
18.2 Performance of diamond-like carbons
18.3 Deposition of diamond-like carbon coatings
18.4 Mechanical and structural characterization
18.5 Scratch testing for adhesion testing of diamond-like carbons
18.6 Fretting testing of diamond-like carbons
18.7 Impact for fatigue determination
18.8 Conclusion
References
19. Machining of difficult materials
Abstract
19.1 Hard coatings for cutting processes
19.2 Hard nitride coatings for machining ductile materials
19.3 Self-organization processes during wear of cutting tools
19.4 Influence of fracture resistance and high-temperature mechanical properties in self-adaptive behavior of TiAlCrSiYN-based coatings
19.5 Summary
References
20. Nanoindentation-based techniques for evaluating irradiated fuel and structural materials
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nanoindentation
20.3 Other small-scale mechanical test techniques used today
20.4 Future avenues for exploration
20.5 Conclusions
References
21. Aerospace coatings - surface engineering for operation in extreme environments
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Environmental protection coatings and bondcoats
21.3 Thermal barrier coatings – design considerations
21.4 Design tools for developing enhanced TBCs – probing sintering resistance, chemical resilience, and erosion resistance using nano- and microindentation
21.5 Modeling erosion of thermal barrier coatings
21.6 Conclusions
References
22. Advanced solid lubricants
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Mechanism of lubrication in traditional solid lubricants and approaches for application of solid lubricants
22.3 Advanced solid lubricants
22.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
23. Nanomechanics of tribologically transformed surfaces
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 About tribologically transformed surfaces
23.3 About micromechanical tests used to characterize tribologically transformed surface mechanical properties
23.4 Application to tribologically transformed surface resulting of manufacturing processes
23.5 Application to glaze layers
23.6 Thermal stability of tribologically transformed surface
23.7 Upcoming developments
23.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
24. Microtribology experiments for hardmetals
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Microtribology experiments
24.3 Wear-corrosion synergy
24.4 Electron back scattered diffraction analysis
24.5 Summary and conclusions
Acknowlegments
References
Section V: Summary
25. Trends and future directions
Abstract
25.1 More extreme temperatures
25.2 More complex experiments – multisensing, big data, and AI
25.3 More complex experiments to simulate abrasion and erosion
25.4 Mechanical property mapping
25.5 Tribological and impact mapping
25.6 Novel experiments
25.7 A tool for surface optimization
25.8 Summary
Index

Ben Beake

Professor Ben Beake worked at the Universities of Hull, Nottingham and UMIST after a degree and PhD (1994) in Chemistry both from the University of Exeter. He joined Micro Materials as an Applications Scientist in 1999 and was promoted to Director of Materials Research in April 2006. He is a Fellow of both the Institute of Nanotechnology and the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3), as well as a past chair of the IOP Tribology Group. Ben is currently a Visiting Professor in Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, and the University of Huddersfield. He is very active in collaborative research with other NanoTest users with over 100 published papers in: Developing new nano-mechanical test methods Applying them to study mechanical and tribological properties of thin films and coatings Environmental sensitivity in polymers

Affiliations and expertise

FIMMM, Director of Materials Research, Micro Materials Ltd, Visiting Professor at Manchester Metropolitan University. University of Leeds THE rank: 127th University of Huddersfield THE rank: 601-800th Manchester Metropolitan University THE rank: 601-800th, UK

Tomasz Liskiewicz

Professor Tomas Liskiewicz is Head of Department of Engineering at Manchester Metropolitan University. He has over 20 years of international academic and engineering experience from leading research institutions in the UK, France, Canada, and Poland. His research interests focus on surface engineering and tribology of functional surfaces, with a particular interest in fretting wear phenomena. His work has been published in such journals as Applied Surface Engineering; Tribology International; Surface and Coatings Technology; Wear and Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. He has presented at an array of international conferences and has been involved in fretting research for 20 years, with a main focus on wear processes. He previously spent 2 years in Alberta, Canada, working as a Senior Scientist at Charter Coating, leading material testing projects for the oil and gas industry. He was elected Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London in 2014 and is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in London where he acts as Chair of the Tribology Group Committee.

Affiliations and expertise

Head, Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Manchester Metropolitan University THE rank: 601-800th, UK

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