MXenes as Emerging Modalities for Environmental and Sensing Applications

Theories, Design and Approach

1st Edition - November 22, 2024
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Tahir Rasheed, Chandrabhan Verma
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 8 5 3 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 8 5 2 - 1

MXenes as Emerging Modalities for Environmental and Sensing Applications: Theories, Design and Approach explores how MXene-based hybrid nanostructures are used to remedy environme… Read more

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Save up to 25% on books and eBooks!

Shop now

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

MXenes as Emerging Modalities for Environmental and Sensing Applications: Theories, Design and Approach explores how MXene-based hybrid nanostructures are used to remedy environmental pollutants. The book also explains how they assist in sensing and degradation/removal applications to protect the ecological system, both environmental and aquatic life, from various types of toxic pollutants released from industrial sectors. This book focuses on the design, fabrication, and application of MXene-based nanostructures and their integration with the biotechnological processes for monitoring and treatment of pollutants in environmental matrices and sensing applications.

It aims to increase scientific and technological awareness of the urgency required to tackle life-threatening pollutants arising from various industrial and biotechnological sectors of the modern world.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Part I. Basics and fundamentals
Chapter 1. MXenes: Fundamentals, properties, classification, and application
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals
2.1 Synthesis of MXenes
2.1.1 Top-down method
2.1.2 Bottom-up method
3 Properties of MXenes
3.1 High electrical conductivity
3.2 High Young's modulus
3.3 Thermal conductivity
3.4 Negative zeta potential
3.5 Magnetic ordering
3.6 Optical transparency
3.7 Photothermal conversion
4 Classification of MXenes
4.1 Based on composition
4.1.1 Carbide MXenes
4.1.2 Nitride MXenes
4.1.3 Carbonitride MXenes
4.2 Based on the number of transition metals
4.2.1 Mono-transition metal MXenes
4.2.2 Double-transition metal MXenes
4.3 Based on functional groups/surface terminations
4.3.1 MXenes with –F surface terminations
4.3.2 MXenes with –O surface terminations
4.3.3 MXenes with –OH surface terminations
4.4 Based on structure
4.4.1 Single-layered MXenes
4.4.2 Multilayered MXenes
4.5 Based on etchant type
4.5.1 Acid-etched MXenes
4.5.2 Alkali-etched MXenes
4.5.3 Molten-salt etched MXenes
5 Applications of MXenes
5.1 Energy storage applications
5.1.1 Batteries
5.1.2 Supercapacitors
5.2 Electronics applications
5.3 Sensing applications
5.4 Catalyst-based applications
5.5 Photonic applications
5.6 Medical applications
5.7 Environmental applications
6 Conclusion and outlooks
Chapter 2. MXenes and hydride nanostructures: Fundamental, properties, surface modification, properties, and application
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental
2.1 Structural patterns
2.2 Synthesis methods
3 Properties
3.1 Electric and electronic properties
3.2 Mechanical properties
3.3 Optical properties
3.4 Magnetic properties
3.5 Thermal/oxidative stability
3.6 Hydrogen storage characteristics
4 Surface modification methods for MXenes
4.1 Direct oxidation induced surface reformation
4.2 Reformation of reactive surface
4.3 Bottom-up heterostructures growth
4.4 Surface self-assembly functionalization
5 Application
5.1 Sensors
5.2 Biosensor
5.3 Gas sensors
5.4 Strain sensor
5.5 Energy storage
5.6 Batteries
5.7 Supercapacitors
5.8 Photovoltaic devices
5.9 Thermoelectric power generation
5.10 Catalysis
5.11 Electrocatalysis
5.12 Photocatalysis
6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 3. Detection and purification of toxic materials: Past and present advancements and role of mxenes
1 Introduction
2 Importance of detecting toxic materials
3 Assessing the toxicity of heavy metals, dyes, and nuclear waste Haut du formulaire
4 Biosensors applications for the detection of environmental pollutants
4.1 Biological element
4.2 Transducer
4.3 Electrochemical biosensors
4.4 Piezoelectric biosensor
4.5 Potentiometric biosensors
4.6 Conductometric biosensors
4.7 Amperometeric biosensor
4.8 Calorimetric biosensors
4.9 Thermal biosensors
4.10 Optical biosensor
4.11 Nanomaterials for biosensor
5 Geomaterials for the purification of toxic pollutants
6 Purification of toxic materials by photocatalysts: Air purification
6.1 Photocatalysts for chemical contaminants photodegradation
6.2 Photocatalysts for pathogens photodisinfection
6.2.1 Haut du formulaire
7 Analyze the role of mxenes in the process
7.1 Characteristics of MXene
7.2 Application of MXene in electrochemical sensors
7.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors
7.2.2 Electrochemical nonbiosensors
8 Conclusion
Part II. MXenes in environmental application
Chapter 4. Theories of identification and control of environmental toxic materials: Chronological growth and MXenes as ideal substitute
1 Introduction
2 Unveiling environmental safeguards: A historical journey
3 Sedimentological insights and geochemical pioneering
4 Isotopic trailblazing and spatial/statistical revolution
5 Environmental toxic materials identification and control
6 Adsorption techniques and nanoporous carbon materials
7 Numerical models, sensitivity analysis, and geostatistical approaches
8 Physical and biological methods
9 Advancing environmental stewardship: The significance of two-dimensional materials, MXenes in toxic material identification and control
9.1 Introduction to MXenes
10 MXenes in the identification of environmental toxic materials
11 MXenes in control and remediation
12 MXenes applications
13 Cr(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) removal
14 Other heavy metals removal
15 Challenges and future perspectives
16 Conclusion
Chapter 5. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for detection and purification of toxic gases
1 Introduction
2 Roadmap of toxic gas sensing with MXene
3 MXene-derived gas sensor architecture
4 Sensing pathway of MXene-derived gas sensors
5 MXene-derived materials for toxic gas detection
5.1 H2O2 sensing
5.2 Ammonia sensing
5.3 NOx gas sensors
5.4 VOCs sensors
5.5 H2S and CO2 sensors
6 Conclusion
Chapter 6. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for detection and purification of heavy metals
1 Introduction
2 Properties of Max phase and MXene
3 Synthesis process
4 Detection and purification of heavy metals
5 Advantages
6 Challenges
7 Advancement and future perceptions
8 Conclusion
Chapter 7. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for the detection and purification of toxic ions and radionuclides
1 Introduction
2 Electrochemical sensors and sensing properties of MXenes-based heterostructures
2.1 Electrochemical sensors
2.2 Sensing properties
3 Detection and purification of toxic ions and radionuclides
4 Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 8. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for the detection and purification of organic and inorganic pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and properties of MXenes
3 MXenes-based hybrids
4 Environmental applications of MXene-hybrid nanostructures
4.1 Removal of organic and inorganic pollutants
5 Conclusion, challenges, and perspectives
Chapter 9. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for detection and purification of pharmaceutics and personal care products
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based hybrid composites
2.1 Preparation of filled composites
2.1.1 Preparation of filled composite via solution blending
2.1.2 In situ polymerization blending
2.2 Preparation of complex composites
3 Properties of MXenes and MXene-based hybrid composites
3.1 Electrical properties of MXene/polymer nanocomposites
3.2 Thermal properties of MXene/polymer nanocomposites
3.3 Mechanical properties of MXene/polymer nanocomposites
4 Applications of MXene-based hybrid nanocomposites
4.1 MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for pharmaceuticals
4.1.1 MXene-based hybrid composites as photocatalysts for the degradation of pharmaceuticals
4.1.2 MXene-based hybrid composites as membranes for the removal of pharmaceutics
4.1.3 MXene-based hybrid composites as sensor for pharmaceutics
4.2 MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for personal care products
4.2.1 Ag/Ti3C2@BiPO4 hybrid composite for efficient degradation of personal care products (BPA, DEET, BP-3)
4.2.2 MXene-based materials for the removal of phenolics from personal care products
5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 10. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for detection and purification of dyes and pesticides
1 Introduction
1.1 Dyes and pesticides
1.1.1 Dyes: Sources, classifications, and remediation
1.1.2 Pesticides: Sources, classifications, and remediation
1.1.3 Environmental applications of MXenes and MXene-hybride nanomaterials
2 Conclusion, challenges, and perspectives
Part III. MXenes in sensing application
Chapter 11. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for sensing application: Fundamental and state-of-art
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of MXene
3 Precursors of MXene: MAX phase
4 Etching methods
4.1 Different methods for separating the MXene layers: Delamination
5 Properties of MXene
5.1 Mechanical properties
5.2 Optical properties
5.3 Electrical properties
5.4 Chemical properties
6 Sensing applications
6.1 Biological and biomedical application of MXene: Biosensors
6.1.1 Sensors for diagnosis of diseases
6.1.2 Wearable electronics
6.1.3 Nucleic acids detections
6.1.4 Viruses detection
6.2 Remediation of environmental pollutants by MXene-based sensors
6.2.1 VOC sensors
6.2.2 Gas sensors
6.3 MXene-based wearable pressure sensors
6.4 Hybrid MXene-based sensors for heavy metal ion detection (HMIs)
6.5 Hybrid MXene-based sensors for pesticide detections
7 Advancement of MXene over other 2D nanomaterials
8 Conclusions
9 Future perspectives
Chapter 12. MXenes-based hybrid for electrochemical sensing application
1 Introduction
2 MXenes for sensors
3 MXene-based hybrid materials for electrochemical applications
4 Application of MXene-based hybrids for electrochemical sensors
4.1 Electrochemical flexible sensors
4.2 Photoelectrochemical sensors
4.3 Electro-chemi-luminescence sensors
5 MXene electrochemical biosensors
5.1 Detection of biomarkers
5.2 Hydrogen peroxide sensors
5.3 Hydrogen sulfide sensor
5.4 Microfluidic biosensor
5.5 Enzyme-based biosensors
5.6 Electrochemical nucleic acid and uric acid biosensor
6 MXene-based sensors for cancer biomarkers
7 Challenges and future perspectives for MXene-based electrochemical materials
8 Conclusion
Chapter 13. MXene-based hybrid for optical sensing application
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of MXenes
3 Different doping in MXenes
4 Synthesis of MXene-based hybrids
5 Applications of MXene-based materials
6 Optical properties of MXenes and their hybrids
7 MXenes as sensors
8 MXene-based optical sensors
8.1 MXene quantum dots–based photoluminescent sensors
8.2 MXene nanosheets photoluminescent sensors
8.3 Surface plasmon resonance sensors
8.4 Other MXene-based optical sensors
8.5 Comparison of performance of different MXene-based optical sensors
9 Conclusion
Chapter 14. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for strain and flexible sensing applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and properties of MXenes
2.1 Top–down approach
2.2 Bottom–up approach
3 MXene-based composites for wearable sensors
3.1 MXene-based composites for wearable strain sensors
4 Application of MXene-based strain and flexible sensor
4.1 Human motion detection
4.2 Medical and healthcare
4.3 Energy harvesting
5 Conclusions and future prospects
Chapter 15. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for analytical application
1 Introduction
2 Electrochemical biosensor
2.1 Enzyme-based biosensor
2.2 Immunosensor
2.3 Aptasensor
2.4 Electrochemiluminescence sensor
2.5 Photoelectrochemical sensor
3 Optical sensors
3.1 MXene quantum dots–based photoluminescent sensors
3.2 Colorimetric sensor
3.3 Surface plasmon resonance sensors
3.4 SERS-based sensors
4 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 16. Challenges and future prospective of MXenes and MXene-based hybrid nanostructures
1 Introduction
2 Classification of MXenes
2.1 MXene as conducting polymers
2.2 MXene-ionic liquid
2.3 MXene–perylenediimide
2.4 MXene–metal–organic
2.5 MXene–0D materials
2.6 MXene–1D materials
2.7 MXene–2D materials
3 MXene as reinforced nanocomposites
3.1 MXene–metals/ceramics composite
3.2 MXene–polymer composite
4 Fabrication of MXene composite
4.1 Solution mixing
4.2 Hydrothermal process
4.2.1 Powder metallurgy
5 Synthesis techniques
5.1 HF etching
5.2 Modified fluoride-based acid etching
5.3 Molten salts etching
5.4 Fluoride-free etching
5.5 Chemical vapor deposition
6 Applications of MXenes
7 Challenges and future outlook
8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 17. MXene-based hybrid nanostructures for the detection and purification of organic and inorganic pollutants
1 Introduction
2 MXene-based nanomaterials for inorganic and organic remediation
2.1 MXene-based adsorbents
2.2 MXene-based membranes
2.3 MXene-based photocatalysts
3 MXene-based electrochemical sensor platforms
3.1 MXene-based electrochemical sensor for biomedical diagnosis
3.2 MXene-based electrochemical sensor for environmental pollutant monitoring
3.3 MXene-based electrochemical sensors for agrifood detection
4 Conclusion and future outlook
Chapter 18. MXene-based hybrid for electrochemical supercapacitor applications
1 Introduction
2 MXene recapitulation
3 Types of supercapacitors
4 Adavantages and properties of MXenes
5 Electrochemical dominancy
6 Supercapacitors
7 Challenges faced
8 Future scope
9 Conclusion
Chapter 19. MXenes as 2D inorganic materials: Layered structures, modification, and characterization
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and motivation
1.2 Objectives of the chapter
2 Preparation of MXenes
2.1 Top-down methods
2.1.1 Selective etching method
2.1.2 Intercalation method
2.1.3 Sol–gel method
2.1.4 Electrochemical technique
2.2 Bottom-up approaches
2.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition method
2.3 Structure of MXene
2.3.1 Crystal structure of the MAX phases
2.3.2 Crystal structure of MXenes
2.4 Extensions to the basic crystal structures
2.4.1 Isostructural solid solutions
2.5 Ordered MAX phases
2.5.1 Related ternary phases
2.5.2 Noble metal–containing MAX phases
2.5.3 Structural modification of MXene
2.5.4 Structural stability
2.5.5 Mechanical strength of MXenes
2.5.6 Surface properties of MXenes
2.5.7 Structural modification of MXene
2.5.8 Modification of MXenes with metal acid
2.5.9 Modification of MXenes with metal–organic frameworks
2.5.10 Modification of MXenes with covalent organic frameworks
2.5.11 Modification of MXenes with carbon nitride
2.5.12 Modification of MXenes with ionic liquid
2.5.13 Modification of MXenes with deep eutectic solvents
2.5.14 Characterization of MXenes
2.5.15 X-ray diffraction
2.5.16 Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy
2.5.17 Energy dispersive X-ray
2.5.18 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2.5.19 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
2.5.20 Raman spectroscopy
2.5.21 Electrical and mechanical characterization
2.5.22 Surface area and pore size analysis
2.5.23 Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry
2.5.24 Thermal conductivity
2.5.25 Thermal mechanical analysis
3 Conclusions
4 Future perspectives
Chapter 20. Heavy metal decontamination and detection using MXene-based hybrid nanostructures: Recent progress and future direction
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Synthesis of MXenes
3.1 Synthesis steps
3.1.1 Prepare the MAX phase precursor
3.1.2 Etching “A” layer
3.1.3 Washing and delamination
3.1.4 Exfoliation (optional)
3.1.5 Drying and storage
3.1.6 Surface functionalization (optional)
3.2 Synthesis methods
3.2.1 Chemical etching (HF method)
3.2.2 In situ etching (HF-free method)
3.2.3 Salt intercalation and exfoliation
3.2.4 Aluminum-based etching method
3.2.5 Ultrasonication-assisted delamination
3.2.6 Selective oxidation
3.2.7 Selective electrochemical etching
3.3 Synthesis of MXenes-based hybrid nanostructures
3.3.1 Nanoparticles
3.3.2 Quantum dots
3.3.3 Carbon nanotubes
3.3.4 Polymers
3.4 Integration methods
3.4.1 Physical blending
3.4.2 In-situ growth
3.4.3 Surface coating
4 Mechanism of detection and removal of heavy metals
4.1 Heavy metals detection mechanism
4.1.1 Sorption and adsorption
4.1.2 Surface modification
4.2 Sensing mechanism
4.3 Signal amplification
4.4 Heavy metals removal mechanism
4.4.1 Adsorption and chelation
4.4.2 Ion exchange
4.4.3 Surface modification for enhanced adsorption
4.4.4 Regeneration
4.4.5 Precipitation and coagulation
4.5 MXene-based sensors for the detection of heavy metals
4.6 MXene-based adsorbents for heavy metals removal
4.7 MXene-based membranes for heavy metals removal
5 Future prospects
6 Conclusions
Chapter 21. MXenes in catalytic sensing of chemicals
1 Introduction
2 Types of MXenes
3 General synthetic protocol
4 What is catalysis?
4.1 Impact and advantages of MXenes-based catalytic systems
5 Classification of MXenes-based catalytic systems
5.1 CO oxidation
5.2 Activation and conversion of CO2
5.3 Hydrogen evolution reactions
5.4 Oxygen reduction reactions
5.5 MXenes as N2 fixation materials
5.6 MXenes as methyl orange degradation materials
5.7 MXenes as Rhodamine B degradation materials
5.8 Water gas shifting by MXenes
5.9 Direct dehydrogenation and direct hydrodeoxgenation
6 Conclusion
7 Future perspective
Chapter 22. MXenes as emerging modalities for environmental and sensing applications
1 Introduction
2 Utilization of MXenes to remove pollutants through adsorption remediation
2.1 Absorption of heavy metal ions
2.2 Absorption of organic dyes
2.3 Adsorption of radionuclide pollutants
2.4 Absorption of gaseous pollutants
2.5 Capturing of additional contaminants
3 Impact of atomic imperfections on surface adsorption
4 Mechanisms of adsorption of pollutants by MXenes
5 Environmental applications of MXene
5.1 Elimination of gases
5.1.1 Decrease in carbon dioxide levels
5.1.2 N2 reduction
5.2 Removal of organic substances
5.2.1 Elimination of coloring agents
5.2.2 Removal of phenolics
5.2.3 Removal of antibiotics
5.3 Elimination of metal pollutants
5.4 Getting rid of radioactive elements
6 Water treatment mechanism
6.1 Adsorption mechanism
6.2 Reduction mechanism
6.3 Photocatalytic oxidation mechanism
6.4 Solar-driven photothermal conversion
7 Possible applications of MXenes in sensing
7.1 Chemical sensors
7.1.1 Chemiresistive sensors
7.1.2 Capacitive sensors
7.1.3 Electrochemical sensors
7.1.4 Photoluminescence sensors
7.2 Physical sensors
7.2.1 1D fibrous sensors
7.2.2 2D thin-film sensors
7.2.3 3D-structured sensors
7.2.4 Temperature- and photo-sensors
7.3 Biosensor
7.3.1 Electrochemical biosensors
7.3.2 Electrochemiluminescence biosensors
7.3.3 Photoluminescence biosensors
8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

MXenes as Emerging Modalities for Environmental and Sensing Applications

Theories, Design and Approach

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Tahir Rasheed

Chandrabhan Verma

Related books