Motivation

Section 1: Theories of Motivation

• Chapter 1: Common and distinctive approaches to motivation in different disciplines
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Biological Motives
  • 3 Psychological Motives
  • 4 Economics and Motivation
  • 5 Economics and Psychology: Different Objectives? Different Motives?
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 2: A benefit–cost framework of motivation for a specific activity
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Proposed Benefit–cost Framework of Motivation
  • 3 Convergence and Differences with Extant Motivation Theories
  • 4 Convergence with Findings from Neuroeconomic Research
  • 5 Application Examples
  • 6 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 3: Control feedback as the motivational force behind habitual behavior
  • Abstract
  • 1 Computational Models of Action Selection and Regulation
  • 2 Outcome vs Control Motivation and Feedback
  • 3 Concluding Remarks

Section 2: Assessing Motivation

• Chapter 4: Quantifying motivation with effort-based decision-making paradigms in health and disease
  • Abstract
  • 1 What Is Motivation?
  • 2 Motivation as Effort for Reward
  • 3 Experimental Approaches to Effort Discounting
  • 4 Future Challenges and Applications
  • Acknowledgments

Section 3: The Neurobiology of Motivation

• Chapter 5: Brain correlates of the intrinsic subjective cost of effort in sedentary volunteers
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Methods
  • 3 Results
  • 4 Discussion
  • 5 Conclusions
• Chapter 6: To work or not to work: Neural representation of cost and benefit of instrumental action
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Neuroeconomic Perspective on Effort
  • 3 The Neuromodulation of Effort
  • 4 Brain Regions Subserving the Allocation of Effort
  • 5 Metabolic Costs as a Constraint in Effort Expenditure
  • 6 The Effortful Control of Noise as a Unifying Framework
  • 7 A Simple Simulated Network of Shared Labor
  • 8 Towards Trial-by-trial Brain States as a Means to Predict Action
  • 9 Can the Induction of a Predefined Brain State Change Behavior?
  • 10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives: Targeting the Motivation Network
• Chapter 7: Involvement of opioid signaling in food preference and motivation: Studies in laboratory animals
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Studying Food Intake: Theoretical Considerations
  • 3 Laboratory Animal Research in Motivated Behavior
  • 4 Neurobiology of Food Intake: Motivation, Dopamine, and Opioid Signaling
  • 5 Clinical Applications and Future Directions
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 8: Exploring individual differences in task switching: Persistence and other personality traits related to anterior cingulate cortex function
  • Abstract
  • 1 Materials and Methods
  • 2 Results
  • 3 Discussion
• Chapter 9: Competition, testosterone, and adult neurobehavioral plasticity
  • Abstract
  • 1 Competition and Motivation
  • 2 Experimental Approaches to Measure the Motivation to Compete in the Laboratory
  • 3 Neuroendocrinological Factors That Influence Competitiveness
  • 4 Testosterone Likely Influences Competitiveness via Modulation of Dopaminergic Function
  • 5 How do Competition Outcomes Modulate Subsequent Competitiveness?
  • 6 Long-Term Effects of Competition Outcomes on Competitiveness
  • 7 Mechanisms Mediating Long-term Behavioral Effects Following a Testosterone Surge
  • 8 Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 10: Fatigue with up- vs downregulated brain arousal should not be confused
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Fatigue and Brain Arousal
  • 3 Hypo- vs Hyperaroused Fatigue
  • 4 Practical Clinical Procedure
  • 5 Summary
  • Acknowledgment

Section 4: Targeting Motivation: Novel Approaches to Enhancing Motivation, Activity and Learning in Health and Disease

• Chapter 11: Intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and learning: Theory and applications in educational technologies
  • Abstract
  • 1 Curiosity Fosters Learning and Memory Retention
  • 2 Curiosity and Intrinsic Motivation in Psychology
  • 3 Information as a Reward in Neuroscience
  • 4 The Learning Progress Hypothesis
  • 5 The LP Hypothesis Posits a Positive Feedback Loop Between Curiosity and Learning
  • 6 The LP Hypothesis Unifies Various Qualitative Theories of Curiosity
  • 7 Computational Models: Curiosity-driven Reinforcement Learning
  • 8 How LP-Driven Curiosity Generates Developmental Trajectories That Reproduce Infant Development Sequences and Can Act in Synergy with Social Learning
  • 9 Intrinsically Motivated Exploration Scaffolds Efficient Multitask Learning
  • 10 Applications in Educational Technologies and Video Games
  • 11 Discussion: Convergences, Open Questions, and Educational Design
• Chapter 12: Applied economics: The use of monetary incentives to modulate behavior
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Incentivizing Performance: The More Money the Better?
  • 3 Incentivizing Prosocial Behavior
  • 4 Incentivizing Health Behavior
  • 5 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 13: Rewarding feedback promotes motor skill consolidation via striatal activity
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Methods
  • 3 Results
  • 4 Discussion
  • 5 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 14: How motivation and reward learning modulate selective attention
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Motivational Signals Modulate Selective Visual Attention
  • 3 Does Motivational Attention Require Consciousness?
  • 4 Neural Bases of Value-driven Attentional Selection
  • 5 Conclusion
• Chapter 15: Motivation and attention following hemispheric stroke
  • Abstract
  • 1 Reward Can Modulate Attention
  • 2 Motivation in Brain Disease
  • 3 Motivational Impairments in Spatial Neglect
  • 4 Motivational Modulation of Attention Deficits
  • 5 Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying Reward's Effects on Neglect
  • 6 Practical Implications of Motivation-Attention Studies in Neglect
  • 7 Outstanding Issues
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 16: Increasing self-directed training in neurorehabilitation patients through competition
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Methods
  • 3 Results
  • 4 Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 17: The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of apathy
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Apathy as a Disorder of Dopaminergic Function
  • 3 Dopamine in Treating Apathetic Behavior in Animals
  • 4 Dopamine in the Treatment of Human Apathy
  • 5 Extending This Work
  • 6 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
• Chapter 18: Changing health behavior motivation from I-must to I-want
  • Abstract
  • 1 Background
  • 2 Concept
  • 3 Implementation
  • 4 Strategies
  • 5 Translation into Practice
  • 6 Perspective

Section 5: Conclusions

• Chapter 19: Motivation: What have we learned and what is still missing?
• Abstract
• 1 Three Overarching Insights Gained Through This Volume
• 2 Outlook: Three Topics for Future Research