Molten Salts Handbook

Molten Salts Handbook focuses on the features, properties, and structure of molten salts. This book presents several topics in annotated bibliographic table form, including phase equilibria, chemical syntheses, and molten salt electrolytes. Organized into six chapters, this book starts with a tabular presentation of data of the physical properties, thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties, practical features, as well as spectroscopy and structure of molten salts. This text then illustrates the design features of different experimental assemblies and provides information on the technique through a liberally annotated bibliography. Other chapters provide a chemical index, which offers a ready guide to the status of data over the entire range of interests. This book presents as well the properties of viscosity, density, surface tension, refractive index, and electrical conductance for different compounds as single salt melts. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers from diverse fields, including theoretical and applied electrochemistry, inorganic coordination chemistry, and transition metal chemistry.

PrefaceI. Physical Properties I. A. Atomic and Ionic Radii, Melting Points, and Boiling Points of Single Salts and Eutectics Atomic and Ionic (Crystal) Radii Solid State Interionic Separations Volumes of Anions Formula Weights, Melting Points, and Boiling Points for Some Inorganic Compounds The Effect of Pressure on Melting Points Melting Points of some Quaternary Ammonium Salts R4N+X- Selected Low Melting Binary Eutectics Additional Low Melting Binary Eutectic Mixtures Selected Ternary Eutectic Mixtures Melting Points and the Law of Corresponding States I. B. Density Melt Densities - Single Salts Density of Some Solid Halide Salts Percentage Volume Change on Fusion for some Inorganic Halides Volume Change of NaCl and KCl on Melting Volume Changes Due to Melting and Molar Volumes of some Molten Nitrates Densities of Cryolite with Additives Melt Densities - Binary Systems Melt Densities - Ternary and Quaternary Systems Literature Values for the Densities of Molten NaCl and KCl I. C. Viscosity Viscosities of NaNO3 and KNO3 as Single Salt Melts Viscosity - Single Salt Melts Melt Viscosities - Binary Systems Melt Viscosities - Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures I. D. Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure Equations for Selected Molten Salts Vapor Pressures - Additional Studies Equilibrium Dissociation Pressures of Molten Carbonates Corresponding State Vapor Pressures for Molten Alkali Halides I. E. Surface Tension Surface Tensions of Various Compounds as Single Salt Melts Hole Size in Group IA Chlorides and Nitrates Hole Size in Group IIΑ and IIΒ Halides Surface Tensions of Molten Salt Mixtures Surface Tensions — Additional Studies Corresponding State Surface Tensions I. F. Refractive Index Refractive Index of Various Molten Salts as a Function of Temperature Refractive Index of Various Molten Salts Molar Refractivity of Various Molten Salts Refractive Index — Molten Salt Mixtures I. G. Critical Data Critical Temperatures and Percent Dissociation of Several Alkali Halides Critical Constants of NaCl and KCl Boiling Points, Entropies of Vaporization, Reduced Temperatures, and Critical Temperatures of Alkali Halides Saturated Vapor and Liquid Densities of NaCl and KCl above Their Normal Boiling PointII. Thermodynamic Properties II. A. Liquid- Liquid Immiscibility Molten Salt Liquid-Liquid Immiscibility II. B. Metal-Molten Salt Systems Principal Data for Alkali Metal-Alkali Halide (MX-M) Phase Diagrams Principal Data for some Alkaline Earth Metal-Halide Systems (MX2-M) Solubility of some Transition and Post-Transition Metals in Their Molten Halides Principal Data for some Rare Earth Metal-Halide Systems Metal-Metal Chalcogenide Phase Relations Metal-Molten Salt Equilibria Metal-Fused Salt Systems - Additional Studies II. C. Metal Oxide-Molten Salt Systems Metal Oxide-Fused Salt Systems II. D. Silver Salts-Molten Salt Systems Binary Systems with One or More than One Component a Silver Salt Foreign Cation Classification of Binary Systems with One Component a Silver Salt II. E. Phase-Rule Studies Phase Characteristics of Binary Salt Mixtures Binary Salt Systems — Additional Phase-Rule Studies Phase Relations - Ternary Salt Systems Compounds in the Binary Phase Diagrams of the Monovalent Chlorides with Multivalent Chlorides Phase-Rule Studies — Quaternary Systems II. F. Solubility Henry's Law Constant for Noble Gases Solubility of Argon in Molten Sodium Nitrate at 369ºC Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Solubilities in Molten Carbonates Solubility of Water in Molten Salts Solubility of HF in ZrF4 -NaF Molten Mixtures Solubility of Various Solutes in (Li,K)NO3 Eutectic at 160ºC Solubility of Metal Oxides in Fused Salts Solubility of Metals - Effect of Added Halides Solubility of Aluminum in Fused Salts Solubilities in Molten Salts - Additional Studies II. G. Thermal Data Heats and Entropies of Fusion and Volume Changes upon Melting of the Halides and Nitrates of Group I and IIA Elements Heats of Fusion - Selected Salts Heats of Fusion - Recent Studies Heats of Fusion - Selected Eutectic Mixtures Entropies of Phase Transition and Fusion Heat of Mixing — Binary Mixtures of Fused Salts Heat of Mixing Data for Silver Chloride-Alkali Chloride and Silver Bromide-Alkali Bromide Systems Heat of Mixing Data for Binary Alkali Halide Systems Heats of Mixing of Halides, Perrhenates, and Perchlorates, with Nitrates, and Heats of Solution Heats of Mixing - Additional Studies Heat Conductance of Molten Salts Temperature Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity of Molten NaOH Thermal Conductivity of Pure Molten Nitrates and Nitrites Thermal Conductivity of Molten Nitrate Mixtures Heat Capacity of Selected Molten Salts Increase of Molar Heat Capacity on Melting Heat Capacity — Additional Studies Heats of Formation Heats of Sublimation and Vaporization of Alkali Halides at Their Melting Points Partial Molar Heats of Solution II. H. Cryoscopy and Related Thermodynamic Studies Cryoscopic Constants — Selected Salts Results of Some Cryoscopic Studies of Molten Salt Systems Cryoscopy-Recent Studies Cryoscopy - Additional Studies Association Constants of Ionic Species in Fused Salt Solvents Association Constants - Additional Studies Thermodynamic Properties Calculated from emf Data Thermodynamic Data from emf Studies emf of Galvanic Jacobi-Daniell Cells Activity Data from emf Studies emf Cells - Additional Studies Activity Data for PbCl2 in Molten Mixtures from Vapor Pressure Measurements (1003 ± 5ºK) Thermodynamic Properties — Additional Studies II. I. Expansivity, Compressibility, Ultrasonic, and High Pressure Studies Molar Volumes and Coefficients of Expansion of NaCl and KCl Molar Volumes and Expansivities of Molten Halides Expansivities of Fused Salts at Τ = Tθ (°K) Velocity of Sound in Molten Salts Adiabatic and Isothermal Compressibilities for Group I Molten Salts Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility of Group II Molten Halides Free Volume for Molten Nitrates and Nitrites Relation of Free Volume to Hole Volume and Heat of Activation of Viscous Flow of Some Group IIΒ Halides Rao's Constant for Various Molten Salts and Organic Liquids Values of ηB/ηS for Molten Salts, Associated and Nonassociated Liquids Difference in Activation Energies for Shear and Structural Viscosity Values of Parameters for Equations Relating to Shear and Structural Viscosity in Molten Salts Viscosity, Density, and Absorption Data for Several Molten Salts Viscosity and Absorption Data Compressibility of Certain Molten Silicates and Borates Density and Expansivity of Liquid SilicatesIII. Electrochemical Properties IIΙ. A. Reference Electrodes and emf Series Reference Electrodes Gaseous and Redox Electrodes Various Metals Used as Electrode Systems in Fused Salts Reference Electrodes - Additional Studies Ep° in Pure Metal Fluorides at High Temperatures Compared with Ei° in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C Ep° in Pure Metal Chlorides at High Temperatures Compared with Ei° in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C Ep° in Pure Metal Bromides at High Temperatures Compared with Ei° in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C Ep° in Pure Metal Iodides at High Temperatures Compared with Eiº in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C Standard Potentials in Bromides and Iodides Compared with Chlorides at 700°C emf Series in Alkali Chloride Solvents Compared with Ep° emf Series in Fused MgCl2-NaCl-KCl Solvent at 475°C emf Series in Various Fused Salt Electrolytes emf Series-Additional Studies III. B. Electrical Conductance Equivalent Conductance — Single Salt Melts Specific Conductance of Single Salt Melts Temperature Dependence of Specific Conductivity of Molten Sulfides Specific Conductivity of Cryolites Specific Conductance of Molten KCl Transport Parameters of Liquid BeF2, Typical Halides, and Network Oxides Electrical Conductance of Low Melting Acid Sulfates Effect of Additives on Electrical Conductance of LiClO3 Effect of p-Xylene on Conductance, Density, and Viscosity of (n-Amyl)4NCNS Effect of Inert Gas Solubility and Pressure on Electrical Conductance of NaNO3 Effect of H2O on Conductance, Density, and Viscosity of NaOH-KOH Effect of Additives on Electrical Conductance of Cryolite Degree of "Ionic Dissociation" in Molten Compounds Conductance Parameters for KNO3+Ba(NO3)2 Melts at 350°C Melt Conductance - Binary Systems Melt Conductance - Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures Electrical Conductance - Metal-Molten Salt Systems Molar Conductance A∞m of Na and Κ in Infinitely Dilute Solution in Their Molten Halides at 900°C Electrical Conductivity of Metal-Molten Salt Systems — Additional Studies IIΙ. C. Polarography, Chronopotentiometry, and Double Layer Capacity Studies Polarographic Data for Fused Salts Solid Electrodes for Molten Salt Voltammetry Polarography-Additional Studies Chronopotentiometric Data for Metal Ions in KCl-LiCl at 450°C Chronopotentiometry - Diffusion Coefficients for Ag+ in Molten KNO3-NaNO3 Diffusion Data from Chronopotentiometric Studies Chronopotentiometry - Formation Constants for Halide Complexes of Cd(II) in Molten NaNO3-KNO3 at 263°C Chronopotentiometry - Additional Studies Double Layer Capacities in Molten Salts Comparison of the Potentials of Zero Charge and the Corresponding Standard Electrode Potentials Exchange Currents and Kinetic Parameters in Molten Salt Electrode Processes Exchange Currents and Double Layer Capacitance - Additional Studies IIΙ. D. Electromigration: Transport Numbers and Diffusion Movement of Inorganic Ions in Fused Anhydrous LiCl-KCl Eutectic at 450°C Movement of Metal Ions in Fused Salts Movement of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in Fused Salts When Employed as Different Salts Electrophoresis - Additional Studies Transport Numbers - Single Salt Melts Comparison of Cation Transference Numbers Calculated with Those Measured Relative to Porous Plugs Transport Numbers - Mixed Fused Salts Transport Numbers - Additional Studies Self-Diffusion Coefficients Tracer Diffusion of Na22 in Molten NaNO3 Tracer Diffusion in Molten Carbonates Interdiffusion Coefficients-Dilute Binary Systems Diffusion-Additional Studies Interionic Friction Coefficients for some Single Salt Melts Transport Properties at Various Temperatures for Molten Nitrates IIΙ. E. Dielectric and Thermoelectric Properties Dielectric Constants of Molten Salts Thermoelectric Properties Thermoelectric Properties - Additional StudiesIV. Spectroscopy and Structure IV. A. Vibrational Spectroscopy Vibrational Spectra of Molten Nitrates Assignments and Calculated Frequencies for In-Plane Vibrations of Molten Nitrates in C2V Symmetry Urey-Bradley Force Constants of Coordinated Nitrate Ions in Nitrate Melts Vibrational Spectra of Molten Hydroxides, Chlorates, Perchlorates, Sulfates, and Bisulfates Vibrational Spectra of Molten Halides Characteristic Vibrational Bands in Molten Halides Raman Spectra of Gallium Dichloride and Dibromide Raman Spectra of Molten and Aqueous Thiocyanates Vibrational Spectra of Molten Nitrate Mixtures Vibrational Spectroscopy — Additional Studies IV. B. Visible and U. V. Spectroscopy U. V. and Visible Absorption Spectra Studies Coordination Numbers and Configurations of 3d Metal Ions in Molten Chlorides Correlation of Results with Electrostatic and Crystal Field Stabilization Energies Colors Produced by Transition Metal Ions in Molten Salts Frequencies of Absorption Maxima Ε(2) for Alkali Nitrates Spectra of Ni2+ and CO2+ in Molten Sulfates Spectra of Pt2+ and Pd2+ in Molten LiCl-KCl Calculated Parameters for Ni2+ in Various Media IV. C. Nuclear Magnetic and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy NMR Chemical Shift on Fusion of Thallium Salts Chemical Shift in Solid and Molten Thallium Salts Chemical Shift of 205Tl+ in Solutions of RbCl and AgCl NMR Spectroscopy - Additional Studies Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Magnetic Susceptibility of Some Molten Metals, Molten Salts, and Their Solutions Magnetic Susceptibility — Additional Studies IV. D. X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Structural Parameters from the First Peaks of Alkali Halide Radial Distributions Cation-Cation or Anion-Anion Distances and Coordination in Molten and Crystalline Alkali Halides X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction - Additional Studies IV. E. Fused Salt Electrolytes Current ViewpointsV. Practical Features V. A. Melt Preparation and Purification Principles of Electrolyte Purification Electrolyte Purification - Recent Studies Crystal Growth from Melts V. B. Containment and Corrosion Containment of Fused Salts Containment of Molten Metals Containment of Molten Oxides Molten Salt Corrosion Data Corrosion Processes in Melts V. C. Chromatographic Analysis Chromatographic Behavior of Inorganic Ions in Molten LiCl-KCl Eutectic at 450°C under Various Conditions Chromatography on Various Supports with Different Eluants (160°C) Comparison between Adsorption, Oxide Solubility, and Ionic Potentials Electromigration in Fused Salts Chromatography - Additional Studies V.D. Electrolysis Metal Formation Electroplating from Fused Salts Electrolysis - Additional Studies Inorganic Compound Formation by Fused Salt Electrolysis Alloy Formation by Fused Salt Electrolysis Isotope Enrichment - Single Salts, Binary Mixtures Polarization Potentials - Fused Salt Electrolysis Decomposition Potentials in Fused Salt Electrolysis Decomposition Potential Studies Electrode Discharge Potentials of Anions (700°C) V. E. Chemical Processes Chemical Synthesis with Molten Salts as Reaction Media Acid-Base Concepts in Molten Salts Molten Salts as Reaction Media — Additional Studies V. F. Fuel Cells, Batteries, Nuclear Technology Fuel Cells Molten Salts in Voltaic Cells Vapor Pressure Data of some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuels Thermochemical Data for Some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuels Density and Viscosity Data of Some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuels Thermal Conductivity and Equilibrium Data for Some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuel Effect of Temperature on Corrosion and Corrosion Reactions of Some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuels Radiation Stability of Some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuels Some Molten Fluoride Systems Used in Nuclear Reactor Fuels - Additional StudiesVI. Experimental Techniques VI. A. Illustrations of Experimental Assemblies Conductance Cells d. c. Conductance Cell and Transformer Circuit for Electrode Cells Cell for Potentiometric Measurements and Electrode Assemblies Electrodes for Polarography U.V. Spectroscopy Assembly Molten Salt Infrared Cells Molten Salt Raman Cells Molten Salt NMR Assemblies Transport Number Electrolysis Cells Electromigration (Electrophoresus) Assembly Viscometers Heat of Mixing and Heating Fusion Calorimeters Cryoscopic Assemblies Density and Surface Tension Assemblies Ultrasonic Velocity Assembly Refractive Index Apparatus Molten Salt Chromatography Apparatus Reaction Vessel for Chemical Synthesis Using Melts as Reaction Media VI. B. Experimental Techniques - Annotated Bibliography Additional References and Data Sources Preparation and Purification of Melts Container Materials Furnace and Temperature Electrochemical Techniques Electrolysis Conductance Potentiometry Polarography Chronopotentiometry Electrode Polarization Methods Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Infrared and Raman Spectra NMR and ESR Spectra X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Electrical Transport Diffusion Viscosity Calorimetry Phase Equilibria Cryoscopy Thermoelectric Properties Surface Tension Density and Compressibility Refractive Index Magnetic Susceptibility Adsorption and Chromatography Chemical ReactionsChemical Formula Index

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