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Molten Salts Chemistry
From Lab to Applications
1st Edition - August 14, 2013
Authors: Frederic Lantelme, Henri Groult
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 8 5 3 8 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 1 7 2 2 - 1
Molten salts and fused media provide the key properties and the theory of molten salts, as well as aspects of fused salts chemistry, helping you generate new ideas and… Read more
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Molten salts and fused media provide the key properties and the theory of molten salts, as well as aspects of fused salts chemistry, helping you generate new ideas and applications for fused salts.Molten Salts Chemistry: From Lab to Applications examines how the electrical and thermal properties of molten salts, and generally low vapour pressure are well adapted to high temperature chemistry, enabling fast reaction rates. It also explains how their ability to dissolve many inorganic compounds such as oxides, nitrides, carbides and other salts make molten salts ideal as solvents in electrometallurgy, metal coating, treatment of by-products and energy conversion.This book also reviews newer applications of molten salts including materials for energy storage such as carbon nano-particles for efficient super capacitors, high capacity molten salt batteries and for heat transport and storage in solar plants. In addition, owing to their high thermal stability, they are considered as ideal candidates for the development of safer nuclear reactors and for the treatment of nuclear waste, especially to separate actinides from lanthanides by electrorefining.
- Explains the theory and properties of molten salts to help scientists understand these unique liquids
- Provides an ideal introduction to this expanding field
- Illustrated text with key real-life applications of molten salts in synthesis, energy, nuclear, and metal extraction
Academic and professionals researching or working in fused salts chemistry, energy, electrochemistry, solid state chemistry.
Contributors
Preface
1. Modeling of Molten Salts
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods and Models
1.3 Structure of Molten Salts
1.4 Dynamic Properties of Molten Salts
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Raman Spectroscopy and Pulsed Neutron Diffraction of Molten Salt Mixtures Containing Rare-Earth Trichlorides: Trial Approaches from Fundamentals to Pyrochemical Reprocessing
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. In Situ Spectroscopy in Molten Fluoride Salts
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Techniques: Specificity, Limitation, Setup
3.3 Spectroscopic Studies of Molten Fluorides
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Thermodynamic Calculations of Molten-Salt Reactor Fuel Systems
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Development of Thermodynamic Database
4.3 Status of ITU’s Salt Database
4.4 Binary Systems
4.5 Most Relevant Ternary Systems
4.6 Application of the Database
4.7 Summary
References
5. Ionic Transport in Molten Salts
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electric Conductance
5.3 Concluding Remarks
References
6. Salt Bath Thermal Treating and Nitriding
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Aspects of Molten Salt Heat Treating
6.3 Steel Nitriding
6.4 Salt Bath Nitriding
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Catalysis in Molten Ionic Media
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Catalyst Model System
7.3 Phase Diagrams of Molten Binary Systems of Relevance to the SO2 Oxidation Catalyst
7.4 Multi-instrumental Investigations and Complex Formation in Catalyst Model Melts
7.5 Activity and Deactivation of SO2 Oxidation Vanadia–Pyrosulfate Bulk Melts and Supported Molten Salts: Formation of Crystalline V Compounds
7.6 Vanadium Crystalline Compound Formation: A Summary of Structural and Vibrational Properties and Implications of Catalytic Activity and Deactivation
7.7 In Situ Spectroscopy of Catalyst Models and Industrial Catalysts
7.8 Mechanism of the SO2 Oxidation Catalytic Reaction
7.9 Concluding Remarks
References
8. The Ability of Molten Carbonate for Gas Cleaning of Biomass Gasification
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Gas-Cleaning Method
8.3 Desulfurization Using Molten Carbonate
8.4 Dehalogenation Using Molten Carbonate
8.5 Tar Cracking
8.6 Power Generation Test with a Molten-Carbonate Fuel Cell
8.7 Conclusions
References
9. Inert Anode Development for High-Temperature Molten Salts
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Inert Anode Development in Molten Chlorides
9.3 Experimental Evaluations
9.4 Carbon as an Inert Anode in the Absence of Oxygen in Molten Chlorides
9.5 Inert Anode Development in Molten Oxides
9.6 Inert Anode for Molten Carbonate Electrolysis
9.7 Perspectives
References
10. Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes in Molten Chloride Systems
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Stability of a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Molten Chloride Systems
10.3 Thermodynamics of Oxygen Electrode Reaction on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode
10.4 Conclusions
References
11. NF3 Production from Electrolysis in Molten Fluorides
Abstract
Acknowledgments
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Anodic Behavior of Nickel and Nickel-Based Composite Electrodes in NH4F•2HF at 100°C for Electrolytic Production of NF3
11.3 Anodic Behavior of Carbon Electrode in NH4F•KF•mHF (m=3 and 4) at 100°C for Electrolytic Production of NF3
11.4 New Development for Electrolytic Production of NF3 Using Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Anode
11.5 Conclusions
References
12. Corrosion in Molten Salts
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Corrosion in Molten Fluoride Salts
12.3 Corrosion in Molten Chloride Salts
12.4 Corrosion in Molten Fluoroborate Salts
12.5 Radiolysis Effects on Corrosion
12.6 Conclusions
References
13. Plasma-Induced Discharge Electrolysis for Nanoparticle Production
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principle and Outline of Plasma-Induced Discharge Electrolysis
13.3 Nanoparticle Size Control Using Rotating Disk Anode
13.4 Conclusions
References
14. Electrochemical Formation of Rare Earth-Nickel Alloys
Abstract
Acknowledgments
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrochemical Formation of Rare Earth Alloys in Molten Salts
14.3 LiCl(59)-KCl(41) Melts
14.4 NaCl(50)-KCl(50) Melts
14.5 LiF(80.5)-CaF2(19.5) Melts
14.6 A New Recycling Process for RE Metals
14.7 Conclusions
References
15. Electrochemical Synthesis of Novel Niobium and Tantalum Compounds in Molten Salts
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Experimental
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.4 Conclusions
References
16. Preparation of Carbonaceous Materials in Fused Carbonate Salts: Applications to Electrochemical Storages Devices
Abstract
Acknowledgments
16.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanopowders (CNPs) in Molten Carbonates
16.2 Use of CNPs in Electrochemical Capacitors
16.3 General Conclusions
References
17. Molten Carbonates from Fuel Cells to New Energy Devices
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Physicochemical Properties of Molten Carbonates
17.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
17.4 New Topics
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Synthesis and Li+ Ion Exchange in Molten Salts of Novel Hollandite-Type Ky(Mn1−xCox)O2·zH2O Nanofiber for Lithium Battery Electrodes
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Experimental
18.3 Results
18.4 Conclusion
References
19. Hybrid Molten Carbonate/Solid Oxide Direct Carbon Fuel Cells
Abstract
Acknowledgment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Direct-Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
19.3 Hybrid Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
19.4 Conclusion
References
20. High-Temperature Molten Salts for Solar Power Application
Abstract
Acknowledgments
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Physicochemical Properties and Corrosion Aspects of Molten Alkali Nitrate Salts
20.3 Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage Applications for Concentrated Solar Power
20.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
21. The Sodium Metal Halide (ZEBRA) Battery: An Example of Inorganic Molten Salt Electrolyte Battery
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Battery-Relevant Properties of the Molten Salt Electrolyte
21.3 Involvement of the Molten Electrolyte in Battery’s Safety and Operation Limits
21.4 Future Use of the ZEBRA Technology in Grid Applications
References
22. Hydrogen Storage and Transportation System through Lithium Hydride Using Molten Salt Technology
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Hydrogen Storage into Lithium (Production of LiH)
22.3 Electrolysis of LiOH
22.4 Conclusion
References
23. Nuclear Energy Based on Thorium Molten Salt
Abstract
Acknowledgments
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Synergetic Nuclear System: THORIMS-NES
23.3 Molten Salt Power Reactor FUJI
23.4 Accelerator Molten Salt Breeder for 233U production
23.5 Regional Center for Chemical Processing and Fissile Production
23.6 Other Applications
23.7 Conclusion
References
24. Molten Salts for Nuclear Applications
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Existing Industrial Nuclear Processes
24.3 Processes in Progress for Future Nuclear Applications (GEN IV Systems)
24.4 Pyrochemical Treatments
24.5 Molten Salts as Coolants in Nuclear Energy
24.6 Conclusion
References
25. Lanthanides Extraction Processes in Molten Fluoride Media
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Selection of the Solvent
25.3 Electrodeposition of Bulk Lanthanides
25.4 Oxygenated Compounds Precipitation
25.5 Extraction by Electrodeposition of Alloys
25.6 Conclusions
References
26. Development of Pyrochemical Separation Processes for Recovery of Actinides from Spent Nuclear Fuel in Molten LiCl-KCl
Abstract
26.1 Context
26.2 Development of Pyrochemical Metallic Fuel Reprocessing
26.3 Pyroprocesses for a Selective Grouped Actinide Recovery
26.4 Molten Salt Reactor Fuel Cycle
References
Index
- No. of pages: 592
- Language: English
- Published: August 14, 2013
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123985385
- eBook ISBN: 9780124017221
HG
Henri Groult
Henri Groult is Director of Research of CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI UMR 7612, University of Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 6) in France. He has devoted his research life to fluorine chemistry, electrochemistry, and molten salt chemistry. His main research subjects are electrolytic production of fluorine gas, fluorine compounds for primary and secondary lithium batteries, and electrochemical properties of molten fluorides and chlorides. He has obtained interesting results on fluorine evolution reaction on carbon electrodes, discharge behavior of carbon-fluorine compounds, charge/discharge characteristics of metal fluorides, and electrochemical properties of molten salts. On these subjects, he published more than 100 papers and 7 books. His activity has played an important role in fluorine chemistry in France. He has served as Director of the French Network of Fluorine, Chairman of the 17th European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry (Paris, July 2013), and Editorial board of J. Fluorine Chemistry.
Affiliations and expertise
University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France