Molecular Nutrition and Mitochondria

Molecular Nutrition and Mitochondria: Metabolic Deficits, Whole-Diet Interventions, and Targeted Nutraceuticals provides a comprehensive examination of molecular aspects of mitochondrial nutrition and how dietary compounds might impact the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction.

Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of mitochondria physiology and the methods used to evaluate mitochondrial imbalance in clinical practice, the book goes on to outline nutritional shortfalls in mitochondrial dysfunction and highlights the complex intra-organelle milieu affecting interactions between food compounds and mitochondrial co-factors, metabolites, and signaling molecules. Further sections explore the impact of essential nutrients, such as vitamin E, fatty acids, and complex lipids, on mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as non-essential bioactive compounds originating from food that can be evaluated for their mitochondria-modulating potential, such as mitochondria-targeted small molecule antioxidants, plant-based pigments and organic compounds, nucleotides, non-proteogenic amino acids and derivatives, and mitochondria-specific enzyme mimetics from food.

Molecular Nutrition and Mitochondria covers the key impacts of nutrition on mitochondria, and is the ideal reference for researchers, students and clinicians looking to develop an in-depth understanding of how dietary compounds can prevent and treat disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Mitochondria as a target in experimental and clinical nutrition
Chapter 1. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction with nutrients: challenges and opportunities
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction
1.3 Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction with nutrients
1.4 Challenges and limitations of using nutrients to target mitochondrial dysfunction
1.5 Topical use of nutrients for dermo-cosmetic applications
1.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 2. Mitochondrion at the crossroads between nutrients and the epigenome
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Epigenetic modifications
2.3 Mitochondrial epigenetics and mito-epigenetics
2.4 Impact of diet on the epigenome: the mediation of mitochondria
2.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Nutritional assessment and malnutrition in adult patients with mitochondrial disease
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nutritional assessment and dietary interventions
3.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Therapeutic potential and metabolic impact of alternative respiratory chain enzymes
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Alternative oxidase
4.3 Alternative NADH dehydrogenase
4.4 Transgenic models of alternative respiratory chain enzymes
4.5 Metabolic impact of alternative enzymes
4.6 Therapeutic potential of alternative enzymes in mitochondria-related diseases
References
Section 2: Essential nutrients in mitochondrial nutrition
Chapter 5. Aging, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and vitamin E
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vitamin E
5.3 The necessity for an alternative theory
5.4 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 6. The role of B vitamins in protecting mitochondrial function
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 B vitamins and mitochondrial metabolism
6.3 Oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxicity: role of B vitamins
6.4 Role of B vitamins as mitochondrial nutrients
6.5 Mitochondrial signaling metabolites: impact of B vitamins
References
Chapter 7. Analysis of the mitochondrial status of murine neuronal N2a cells treated with resveratrol and synthetic isomeric resveratrol analogs: aza-stilbenes
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Material and methods
7.3 Results
7.4 Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 8. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid for mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics
8.3 Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Vitamin C and mitochondrial function in health and exercise
Abstract
9.1 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate)
9.2 Mitochondria
9.3 Mitochondria structure and roles
9.4 Vitamin C and the mitochondria
9.5 Mitochondriopathies
9.6 Role of vitamin C in mitochondrial disease
9.7 Safety of vitamin C
9.8 Vitamin C and exercise (physiology/inflammation/recuperation)
9.9 Vitamin C as an ergogenic factor (performance)
References
Chapter 10. Roles of dietary fiber and gut microbial metabolites short-chain fatty acids in regulating mitochondrial function in central nervous system
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids
10.3 Short-chain fatty acids regulate peripheral organizational activities
10.4 Effects of short-chain fatty acids on modulating the central nervous system function
References
Section 3: Dietary bioactive compounds and mitochondrial function
Chapter 11. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants: coenzyme Q10, mito-Q and beyond
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Importance of coenzyme Q in mitochondria
11.3 CoQ10 prevents oxidative damage
11.4 Structure of coenzyme Q and mitochondrial-targeted coenzyme Q-related compounds
11.5 Idebenone reduces reactive oxygen species levels and bypasses complex I-deficiency
11.6 MitoQ a strong antioxidant that protects against apoptosis and induces mitophagy
11.7 Pharmacokinetics of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant
11.8 Therapeutic use of idebenone
11.9 Therapeutic activity of MitoQ
11.10 Other mitochondria-targeted compounds
11.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12. Flavonoids, mitochondrial enzymes and heart protection
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mitochondria and mitochondrial enzymes in cellular functions
12.3 Mitochondria as an essential organelle for cardiovascular health
12.4 Role of mitochondrial enzymes in cardiomyocytes
12.5 Structure and function of dietary flavonoids
12.6 Pharmacokinetic profile (ADME) of flavonoids
12.7 Structure activity relationship of flavonoids for cardioprotective activity
12.8 Biological action of flavonoids in cardioprotection
12.9 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 13. Tea polyphenols stimulate mt bioenergetics in cardiometabolic diseases
Abstract
13.1 An introduction to cardiometabolic diseases
13.2 Structure and bioenergetics of mitochondria
13.3 Mitochondria and its role in metabolism
13.4 Mitochondria and metabolic stress
13.5 Mitochondrial fission and fusion
13.6 Polyphenols as functional food
13.7 Tea and its health benefits
13.8 Cytoprotective actions of green tea polyphenols
13.9 Effects of nutraceuticals on cardiometabolic disorders
13.10 Molecular mechanisms of flavonoids in cardiometabolic diseases
13.11 Molecular mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols
References
Chapter 14. A review of quercetin delivery through nanovectors: cellular and mitochondrial effects on noncommunicable diseases
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Quercetin metabolism, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics
14.3 Mechanism of protection of quercetin in noncommunicable diseases
14.4 Nanomaterials for quercetin encapsulation
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. Creatine monohydrate for mitochondrial nutrition
Abstract
15.1 Creatine monohydrate
15.2 Creatine in cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics
15.3 Creatine/mitochondrial creatine kinase system in health and disease
15.4 A promising future
References
Chapter 16. Arginine and neuroprotection: a focus on stroke
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Mitochondrial angiopathy in MELAS
16.3 Endothelial dysfunction in MELAS
16.4 Neuroimaging of stroke-like episodes in MELAS
16.5 Clinical study of L-arginine in MELAS
16.6 Superacute intervention by L-arginine
16.7 Therapeutic regimen of L-arginine for MELAS
16.8 Contraindication in the treatment of MELAS
16.9 Concluding remarks
16.10 Applications to other neurological conditions
16.11 Key facts of arginine and neuroprotection: a focus on stroke
16.12 Summary points
References
Chapter 17. Nutraceuticals for targeting NAD+ to restore mitochondrial function
Abstract
17.1 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as redox cofactor and signaling molecule in mitochondria
17.2 Cellular and mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism
17.3 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and mitochondrial function
17.4 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide supplementation in human diseases
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Curcumin for protecting mitochondria and downregulating inflammation
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Inflammation and oxidative stress
18.3 Mitochondria and inflammation
18.4 Mitochondria and oxidative stress
18.5 Mitochondrial inflammation and oxidative stress in inflammatory-related diseases
18.6 Curcumin as antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent
18.7 Mitochondrial targeting for the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation
18.8 Curcumin as a direct mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenger
18.9 Curcumin enhances mitochondrial antioxidants
18.10 Curcumin activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway and protects mitochondrial damage and oxidant generation
18.11 Targeting of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins by curcumin
18.12 Targeting of mitochondrial sirtuins by curcumin
18.13 Targeting of mitochondrial p66shc by curcumin
18.14 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 19. Dihydrogen as an innovative nutraceutical for mitochondrial viability
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Dietary sources of molecular hydrogen
19.3 Hydrogen-rich water and mitochondrial function
19.4 Other dietary and complementary interventions with hydrogen
19.5 Dihydrogen and mitochondria: molecular mechanisms
19.6 Open questions and future research
19.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20. Fucoxantin and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 in obesity
Abstract
20.1 Three types of adipocytes
20.2 The importance of uncoupling protein 1 in regulating energy homeostasis
20.3 Fucoxanthin and uncoupling protein 1
References
Chapter 21. Rice bran extract for the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Role of mitochondrial function in disease
21.3 Rice bran extracts and the mitochondria
21.4 Health properties of rice bran constituents associated with mitochondrial function
21.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Silymarin as a vitagene modulator: effects on mitochondria integrity in stress conditions
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 An integrated antioxidant defense system
22.3 Mitochondria as an important source of reactive oxygen species
22.4 Antioxidant properties of silymarin
22.5 Protective effects of silymarin on mitochondria
22.6 Effect of SM on vitagene expression
22.7 Application of silymarin in poultry
22.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23. Buckwheat trypsin inhibitors: novel nutraceuticals for mitochondrial homeostasis
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Roles of mitochondrial proteases in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and deliberate regulation by protease inhibitors
23.3 Buckwheat, health benefits and presence of trypsin inhibitors
23.4 Roles of mitochondrial homeostasis in healthy aging and improvement by presence of recombinant buckwheat trypsin inhibitor
References
Section 4: Whole-diet interventions and mitochondrial function
Chapter 24. Diet restriction-induced mitochondrial signaling and healthy aging
Abstract
24.1 Mitochondrial pathways induced by caloric restriction
24.2 Mitochondrial mechanisms underlying health span extension by popular restrictive diet regimes in mammals
24.3 Mitochondrial pathways activated by caloric restriction mimetics
24.4 Concluding remarks
Funding
References
Chapter 25. Rejuvenation of mitochondrial function by time-controlled fasting
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Strategies employed to study the effects of time-controlled fasting
25.3 Time-controlled fasting and health
25.4 Effects of time-controlled fasting on mitochondrial function
25.5 Temporal caloric restriction effects on mitochondrial biogenesis
25.6 Fasting effects on mitochondrial dynamics and turnover
25.7 Effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism
25.8 Effects on reactive oxygen species handling
25.9 Effects on mitochondrial synthetic function
25.10 Fasting-mediated modulation of mitochondrial signaling
25.11 Adverse effects on mitochondrial function in response to fasting
25.12 Time-controlled fasting strategies to boost mitochondrial fidelity and disease amelioration
25.13 Fasting and other organelles
25.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26. Dietary modulation and mitochondrial DNA damage
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Mitochondrial DNA damage accumulation and maintenance of the mitochondrial DNA
26.3 Caloric restriction and dietary restriction
26.4 Dietary components with the potential to activate the nutrient sensing pathways
26.5 Impact of high-fat diets on mitochondrial DNA
26.6 Fructose and ethanol as potential metabolic toxins
26.7 Conclusion
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Molecular Nutrition and Mitochondria

Metabolic Deficits, Whole-Diet Interventions, and Targeted Nutraceuticals

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Sergej M. Ostojic