Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes

A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series

1st Edition - December 7, 2015
Editor: Didac Mauricio
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 5 8 5 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 7 6 1 - 6

Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on diabetes as a nutritional problem and its important metabolic consequences. Fuel metabolis… Read more

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Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on diabetes as a nutritional problem and its important metabolic consequences. Fuel metabolism and dietary supply all influence the outcome of diabetes, but understanding the pathogenesis of the diabetic process is a prelude to better nutritional control.

Part One of the book provides general coverage of nutrition and diabetes in terms of dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and the glucose-insulin axis, while Part Two presents the molecular biology of diabetes and focuses on areas such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, insulin resistance, high-fat diets, nutriceuticals, and lipid accumulation. Final sections explore the genetic machinery behind diabetes and diabetic metabolism, including signaling pathways, gene expression, genome-wide association studies, and specific gene expression. While the main focus of each chapter is the basic and clinical research on diabetes as a nutritional problem, all chapters also end with a translational section on the implications for the nutritional control of diabetes.

Series Preface
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1. General and Introductory Aspects
- Chapter 1. Nutrition and Diabetes: General Aspects
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Historical Perspective
  - 3. Guidelines
  - 4. Evidence from Clinical Trials
  - 5. Further Research
  - 6. Conclusions
- Chapter 2. Dietary Patterns and Insulin Resistance
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Carbohydrates
  - 3. Lipids
  - 4. Proteins
  - 5. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 3. β-Cell Metabolism, Insulin Production and Secretion: Metabolic Failure Resulting in Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction to Pancreatic β-Cell Metabolism and Metabolic Links to Insulin Secretion
  - 2. The Role of Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Acid Metabolism, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Generation of Metabolic Stimulus–Secretion Coupling Factors
  - 3. Nutrient Regulation of β-Cell Gene Expression
  - 4. Metabolic Failure in β-Cell Dysfunction and Onset of Diabetes
  - 5. The Cross-Talk of Apoptosis with ROS and ER Stress in β-Cell Dysfunction
  - 6. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 4. Diet–Gene Interactions in the Development of Diabetes
  - 1. Early History of the Disease and the Seesaw of the Dietary Therapies
  - 2. Nutritional Management of Diabetes in the Twenty-First Century
  - 3. Diabetes, a Complex Disease with a Significant Genetic Component
  - 4. The Role of Gene–Diet Interactions in Diabetes Risk
  - 5. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 5. Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Dietary Factors
  - 1. Dietary Factors Involved in Type 1 Diabetes Development
  - 2. T1D, Celiac Disease, and Gluten Intake
  - 3. Dietary Gluten
  - 4. Gluten Peptides Are Resistant to Intestinal Degradation
  - 5. Dietary Gluten Influences the Development of T1D
  - 6. The Immune Response to Gluten in T1D Patients
  - 7. The Effect of Gluten on T1D Depends on Dose, Context, and Timing
  - 8. Gluten Intake, T1D, and the Intestinal Microflora
  - 9. Intestinal Alterations in Animal Models of T1D and Human Patients
  - 10. The Number of Pancreas-Infiltrating Autoreactive T Cells Is Increased in the Intestinal Tissue
  - 11. Intake of Gluten Changes Specific Immune System Parameters
  - 12. Gluten Is Found in Blood and Could Affect the Pancreatic β Cells
  - 13. Conclusion
Section 2. Molecular Biology of the Cell
- Chapter 6. Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Molecular Basis for Diet Supplementation
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Oxidative Stress and Oxidation Damage in Diabetes
  - 3. Oxidative Stress and Oxidation Damage in Diabetic Complications
  - 4. Antioxidants in Diabetes: Implications for Use of Bioactive Food Components
  - 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 7. Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Quality
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Regulation of Protein Degradation in Skeletal Muscle
  - 3. Skeletal Muscle Mass in Insulin Resistance and T2D
  - 4. TP53INP2 and its Role in Autophagy
  - 5. TP53INP2 in Skeletal Muscle and T2D
  - 6. Skeletal Muscle Quality in Insulin Resistance and T2D
  - 7. Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy, and Insulin Resistance
  - 8. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 8. Mechanisms Whereby Whole Grain Cereals Modulate the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Whole Grains versus Refined Flour
  - 3. Meta-Analyses and Epidemiological Studies
  - 4. Intervention Studies
  - 5. Mechanisms of Action
  - 6. Conclusions
- Chapter 9. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Glucose Control
  - 1. PPAR: An Overview
  - 2. Molecular Mechanisms of PPAR Activation
  - 3. The Role of PPARs in the Control of Glucose Metabolism
  - 4. Dietary-Derived PPAR Ligands as Supplementary Strategies in Glucose Control
  - 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 10. High-Fat Diets and β-Cell Dysfunction: Molecular Aspects
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Biology of the β Cell
  - 3. Compensatory Response of the β Cell to High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance
  - 4. High-Fat Diet and β-cell Failure and Death
  - 5. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 11. Native Fruits, Anthocyanins in Nutraceuticals, and the Insulin Receptor/Insulin Receptor Substrate-1/Akt/Forkhead Box Protein Pathway
  - 1. Anthocyanins: General Characteristics
  - 2. Anthocyanin Sources in Foods of Plant Origin
  - 3. Health Effects of Anthocyanins
  - 4. Insulin Signaling Pathway
  - 5. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance
  - 6. Insulin Sensitizing and Antidiabetic Properties of Anthocyanins
  - 7. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 12. Influence of Dietary Factors on Gut Microbiota: The Role on Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Influence of Dietary Factors on Gut Microbiota
  - 3. Impact of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Exercise on Gut Microbiota
  - 4. Gut Microbiota Interactions with Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
  - 5. Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes
  - 6. Future Perspectives
- Chapter 13. Molecular Aspects of Glucose Regulation of Pancreatic β Cells
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Intracellular Glucose Signaling
  - 3. Glucose as a Mitogenic Signal for β Cells
  - 4. Glucose Signaling and β-Cell Transcription
  - 5. Glucotoxicity
  - 6. Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 14. Metals in Diabetes: Zinc Homeostasis in the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Zn and Insulin
  - 3. A Potential Risk of Zn Deficiency for the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
  - 4. Effect of Diabetes on Zn Homeostasis
  - 5. Prevention and/or Improvement of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes by Zn Supplementation as well as Possible Mechanisms
  - 6. Conclusions
  - 7. Potential Clinical Implication for the Management of Diabetic Patients
- Chapter 15. Cocoa Flavonoids and Insulin Signaling
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Physiology of Insulin Action
  - 3. Pathophysiology of Insulin Action
  - 4. Dietary Flavonoids
  - 5. Cocoa Flavonoids
  - 6. Cocoa Flavonoids and Insulin Action
  - 7. Conclusions
  - List of Abbreviations
- Chapter 16. Dietary Proanthocyanidin Modulation of Pancreatic β Cells: Molecular Aspects
  - 1. Proanthocyanidins: A Brief Description
  - 2. Proanthocyanidins and Type 1 Diabetes
  - 3. Type 2 Diabetes
  - 4. Proanthocyanidin Effects in Glucose Homeostasis on Insulin Resistance and on T2D
  - 5. Proanthocyanidin Effects on Insulin Sensing Tissues
  - 6. Proanthocyanidin Effects on β-Cell Functionality: Control of Insulin Production
  - 7. Proanthocyanidin Effects on the Incretin System
  - 8. Human Studies
  - 9. Conclusions
- Chapter 17. Dietary Whey Protein and Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Aspects
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Constituents of the WP
  - 3. Studies in Support of the Antihyperglycemic Effect of Whey
  - 4. What Do Exercise and Dietary Protein Have to Do with Hyperglycemia?
  - 5. Type, Amount, and Form of Taking the Protein
  - 6. Whey Proteins and the Incretins
  - 7. Whey Peptides, Stress, and the Heat-Shock Proteins
  - 8. Possible Strategies for a More Rational Use of Whey Peptides
  - 9. Conclusions
- Chapter 18. Dietary Fatty Acids and C-Reactive Protein
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. CRP and Diabetes
  - 3. Diet and CRP
  - 4. Dietary Fatty Acids and CRP
  - 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 19. Alcoholic Beverage and Insulin Resistance–Mediated Degenerative Diseases of Liver and Brain: Cellular and Molecular Effects
  - 1. Overview
  - 2. Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
  - 3. Alcohol-Related Neurodegeneration
  - 4. Concluding Remarks
Section 3. Genetic Machinery and its Function
- Chapter 20. Genetic Variants and Risk of Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Genetic Variants for T2D
  - 3. Genetic Variants for Insulin Secretion and Action
  - 4. Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 10
  - 5. Rare and Low-Frequency Variants
  - 6. Genetic Prediction of T2D
  - 7. Future Directions
- Chapter 21. MicroRNA and Diabetes Mellitus
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. miRNA Biogenesis
  - 3. miRNAs Acting in β-Cell Development
  - 4. miRNAs Acting on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion
  - 5. Regulation of Insulin Transcription by miRNAs
  - 6. β-Cell Mass in Obesity and Pregnancy
  - 7. β-Cell Failure in T2D
  - 8. miRNAs in Skeletal Muscle, Adipose Tissue, and Liver
  - 9. miRNAs Regulated by Nutritional State and Specific Ingredients
  - 10. miRNAs as Circulating Biomarkers
  - 11. Conclusions and Perspectives
  - List of Abbreviations
- Chapter 22. Diabetes Mellitus and Intestinal Niemann-Pick C1–Like 1 Gene Expression
  - 1. Cholesterol Homeostasis
  - 2. Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption
  - 3. Intestinal NPC1L1 Cholesterol Transporter
  - 4. Transcriptional Regulation of NPC1L1
  - 5. NPC1L1 and Diseases
  - 6. NPC1L1 and Diabetes
  - 7. Conclusion
- Chapter 23. Dietary Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Inflammation in T2D
  - 3. Inflammatory Gene Expression in T2D
  - 4. Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Inflammation and T2D
  - 5. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Neuroinflammation in Diabetes
  - 6. Conclusion
- Chapter 24. Polymorphism, Carbohydrates, Fat, and Type 2 Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Effect of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fat on T2D
  - 3. Polymorphisms and T2D
  - 4. Interaction between Carbohydrates, Fat, and Gene Polymorphisms
  - 5. Future Perspectives
- Chapter 25. Genetic Basis Linking Variants for Diabetes and Obesity with Breast Cancer
  - 1. Obesity and Breast Cancer
  - 2. Insulin Resistance and Breast Cancer
  - 3. Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptor 1 Genes
  - 4. Leptin and Leptin Receptor Genes
  - 5. Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene
  - 6. Obesity, Breast Cancer, and Methylation
  - 7. Nutrigenomics Perspective to Reduce Obesity-Mediated Breast Cancer Risk
  - 8. Conclusions
- Chapter 26. Vitamin D Status, Genetics, and Diabetes Risk
  - 1. Vitamin D Metabolism and Epidemiology
  - 2. Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Risk
  - 3. Genetic Basis of Vitamin D Deficiency
  - 4. Conclusions and Future Directions
- Chapter 27. NRF2-Mediated Gene Regulation and Glucose Homeostasis
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Detoxification Processes in Cells
  - 3. Antioxidative Stress Response Systems in Cells
  - 4. Anti-inflammatory Function of NRF2
  - 5. Molecular Basis of the KEAP1-NRF2 System Function
  - 6. Pancreatic β Cells and Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses
  - 7. Roles of NRF2 on Antioxidative Response in Pancreatic β Cells
  - 8. NRF2 Regulation of Inflammation and Other Cellular Responses in Pancreatic β Cells
  - 9. Glucose Homeostasis in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues
  - 10. Nutrition and NRF2 Inducing Phytochemicals
  - 11. Conclusion
- Chapter 28. Hepatic Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Type 2 Diabetes
  - 1. Introduction
  - 2. Lipogenesis as a Target to Reduce Liver Triacylglycerol Content
  - 3. Stimulation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α
  - 4. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator-1 as Target to Stimulate Hepatic Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation
  - 5. Targeting Liver Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation to Improve Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
  - 6. General Conclusion
- Chapter 29. Current Knowledge on the Role of Wnt Signaling Pathway in Glucose Homeostasis
  - 1. Introduction of the Wnt Signaling Pathway
  - 2. Recognition of Wnt Signaling Pathway Components as Diabetes Risk Genes
  - 3. TCF7L2 as a Diabetic Risk Gene and Its Role in Glucose Homeostasis
  - 4. Summary and Perspectives
Index

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