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Molecular Aspects of Alcohol and Nutrition
A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series
1st Edition - November 6, 2015
Editor: Vinood B. Patel
Hardback ISBN:9780128007730
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 7 7 3 - 0
eBook ISBN:9780128010037
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 0 0 3 - 7
Molecular Aspects of Alcohol and Nutrition is a valuable resource for nutrition researchers and nutritionists who study or treat alcohol-related diseases. Experts from across the… Read more
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Molecular Aspects of Alcohol and Nutrition
is a valuable resource for nutrition researchers and nutritionists who study or treat alcohol-related diseases. Experts from across the field of alcohol research explain how alcohol disrupts normal fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolic processes occurring in the liver as well as other parts of the body.
The book discusses how this can lead to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as well as contribute to the onset of Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. It also explores how alcohol affects nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and can lead to anemia and reduced amounts of fat soluble vitamins.
This book explores both the primary and secondary consequences of alcohol consumption. Chapters in the first section investigate the basic science of alcohol metabolism – focusing on how alcohol and its toxic metabolites disrupt and impair normal nutrient regulation at the molecular level. Further chapters explore how alcohol affects many extra-hepatic organs and tissues as well as the secondary consequences of alcohol consumption such as reduced levels of minerals like magnesium, calcium, and trace elements like zinc.
Offers a valuable resource for nutrition researchers and nutritionists who study alcohol-related diseases and attempt to treat them through nutritional strategies
Explores how alcohol and its toxic metabolite acetaldehyde disrupt and impair normal macro and micro nutrient regulation at the molecular level
Investigates how alcohol affects and interferes with cell signaling, cell death pathways, calcium homeostasis leading to osteoporosis, oxygen balance, as well as the pathophysiology of alcohol consumption and abuse
Researchers in nutrition, diet, and metabolism, and alcohol; graduate students in nutrition, epidemiology and public health; and practicing nutritionists and endocrinologists
List of Contributors
Preface
Section I: General and introductory aspects
Chapter 1: Nutrients and Liver Metabolism
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism
Hepatic fat metabolism
Hepatic amino acid metabolism
Conclusions
Chapter 2: Alcohol Metabolism: General Aspects
Abstract
Introduction
Alcohol metabolism
The epigenetic changes of alcohol
Conclusions
Section II: Molecular biology of the cell
Chapter 3: Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: Molecular Aspects
Abstract
Abbreviations
Overview of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases
Human ALDH superfamily
Modifications of ALDH and biomedical implications
Genomics of the ALDH superfamily
ALDH polymorphism in alcohol-related diseases
Conclusions
Chapter 4: Alcohol Intake and Apoptosis: A Review and Examination of Molecular Mechanisms in the Central Nervous System
Abstract
Introduction
Molecular profiling of the effects of ethanol consumption in adolescent rats
Conclusions
Chapter 5: Pathogenic Mechanisms in Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD): Emerging Role of Osteopontin
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
General mechanisms of ALD
ALD fibrosis – pathogenic mechanisms (Figure 5.1)
Role of OPN in ALD
Conclusions
Chapter 6: The Role of CD36 in the Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Related Disease
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
The structure-function relationship of CD36
CD36 and FA uptake
CD36 and Ca2+ signaling
CD36 as a pattern recognition receptor
CD36 in the brain
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 7: Thiamine Deficiency and Alcoholism Psychopathology
Abstract
Introduction
Biochemistry of thiamine pyrophosphate
Secondary effects of thiamine deficiency
Thiamine deficiency, mood and behavior
Thiamine analogs
Benfotiamine trial
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 8: Vitamin B Regulation of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Abstract
Effects of chronic alcoholism on the availability of folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6
Interactions of selected B vitamins in hepatic methionine metabolism with implications for alcoholic liver injury
Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on methionine metabolic pathways
Epidemiology and pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease
Regulatory effects of altered reactions in methionine metabolism and its metabolites on mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease
The ethanol-fed micropig model for the interaction of ethanol with methionine metabolism, and induction of alcoholic liver disease
Effects of SAM in clinical trials of treatment of ALD
Relationships of altered methionine metabolism to epigenetic regulation of gene expression in alcoholic liver injury
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Interactions Vitamin D – Bone Changes in Alcoholics
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Vitamin D metabolism
Vitamin D among alcoholics
Vitamin D deficiency and bone metabolism
Effects of therapy
Conclusion
Chapter 10: Antioxidant Treatment and Alcoholism
Abstract
Importance of the antioxidant systems to the organism
Antioxidant status in alcoholism
Antioxidant treatment for alcoholism
Conclusions
Chapter 11: Selenium Dietary Supplementation and Oxidative Balance in Alcoholism
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Alcohol and malnutrition: selenium supplementation
Alcohol and selenium tissue distribution: selenium supplementation
Alcohol and oxidative balance: selenium supplementation
Conclusion
Chapter 12: Role of Zinc in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Zinc metabolism and function
Occurrence of zinc deficiency in ALD
Mechanisms of zinc dyshomeostasis in ALD
Beneficial effects of zinc on ALD
Molecular mechanisms of zinc protection against ALD
Zinc supplementation in human ALD
Conclusions
Chapter 13: Interactions Between Alcohol and Folate
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Conclusions
Chapter 14: Effects of Acetaldehyde on Intestinal Barrier Function
Abstract
Introduction
The intestinal epithelial barrier and apical junctional complex
Generation and metabolism of acetaldehyde in the gastrointestinal tract
Role of intestinal microbiota in production and metabolism of acetaldehyde
Effects of acetaldehyde on intestinal barrier epithelial integrity
Mechanisms of acetaldehyde-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction
Modulation of acetaldehyde-induced intestinal epithelial barrier function
Conclusions
Chapter 15: Cholesterol Regulation by Leptin in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Alcohol metabolism
Effects of alcohol on lipid metabolism
Triglycerides
Fatty acids
Hepatic lipid metabolism is controlled by several master transcription factors
Cholesterol
Obesity, leptin, and ALD
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 16: The Corticotropin Releasing Factor System and Alcohol Consumption
Abstract
Introduction: alcohol and the brain
CRF, urocortins, and the HPA-axis
Function of CRF system components revealed by genetic knockouts
Effects of EtOH on the HPA-axis
Effects of EtOH on the extrahypothalamic CRF system
Effects of CRF receptors on EtOH drinking
Ucn1 and EtOH drinking
Interactions of CRF system, stress, EtOH drinking and dependence
Conclusions
Chapter 17: Metabolic Profiling Approaches for Biomarkers of Ethanol Intake
Abstract
Introduction
Metabolic profiling
Analytical technologies for global metabolic profiling
Ethanol exposure studies on animal models
Ethanol exposure studies in man
Conclusions
Section III: Genetic machinery and its function
Chapter 18: Gene Expression in Alcoholism: An Overview
Abstract
Introduction
Brain serotonin and alcoholism
NMDA receptor and alcoholism
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Sweet preference and alcohol dependence
Stem cell therapy and alcoholism
Genetic risks of alcoholism
MicroRNA and alcoholism
Conclusions
Chapter 19: Cytochrome P4502E1 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risks of Ethanol-Induced Health Problems in Alcoholics
Abstract
The polymorphisms of CYP2E1 gene and the nomenclatures of CYP2E1 alleles
The polymorphisms of CYP2E1 gene and individual susceptibility to alcohol dependence (AD)
CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease (ALD)
CYP2E1 gene polymorphism and risks of alcoholic pancreatitis (AP)
Conclusions
Chapter 20: Genes Associated with Alcohol Withdrawal
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Candidate gene studies
Genome-wide association study
Limitations
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 21: Alcohol and Epigenetic Modulations
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetics
Alcohol effects on epigenetic mechanisms
Alcohol metabolism influences nutritional status via epigenetic mechanisms
Future directions
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 22: The miRNA and Extracellular Vesicles in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs as potential biomarkers for ALD
miRNA-targeted therapies for ALD
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 23: Alcohol Metabolism and Epigenetic Methylation and Acetylation
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Alcohol metabolism and epigenetic acetylation
Alcohol and methyl metabolism
Alcohol affects epigenetic converting enzymes
Epigenetic footprint of alcohol induced dysfunction and disease
Treatment and biomarkers of alcohol diseases through epigenetic pathway
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 24: Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Associated Carcinogenesis
Abstract
Introduction
Effect of ethanol on DNA
Effect of ethanol on epigenetics
Alcohol, retinoids, and cancer
The role of estrogens in ethanol mediated breast cancer
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 25: Molecular Link Between Alcohol and Breast Cancer: the Role of Salsolinol
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Salsolinol derived from alcohol, as a novel causative substance of breast cancer
DNA damage capability of salsolinol
Proposed mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage induced by salsolinol
Cell proliferating ability of salsolinol
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Chapter 26: Ethanol Impairs Phospholipase D Signaling in Astrocytes
Abstract
Abbreviations
Astrocytes
Phospholipase D
Transphosphatidylation
Isoforms of phospholipase D
Regulation of phospholipase D
Functions of Phospholipase D
Interruption of the PLD signaling pathway by ethanol
Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 27: Metabolic Changes in Alcohol Gonadotoxicity
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Metabolic changes in males’ alcohol gonadotoxicity
Metabolic changes in females’ alcohol gonadotoxicity
Conclusions
Chapter 28: Molecular Effects of Alcohol on Iron Metabolism
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Overview of iron metabolism
Alcohol and iron: clinical observations and molecular events
Exploring the iron-alcohol link for diagnosis and therapeutics
Conclusions
Index
No. of pages: 400
Language: English
Published: November 6, 2015
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128007730
eBook ISBN: 9780128010037
VP
Vinood B. Patel
Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King’s College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation.