Mineralizing Vesicles

From Biochemical and Biophysical Properties to Their Roles in Physiology and Disease

1st Edition - November 17, 2023
Editors: Massimo Bottini, Ana Paula Ramos
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 1 5 8 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 1 5 9 - 9

Mineralizing Vesicles: From Biochemical and Biophysical Properties to Their Roles in Physiology and Disease presents the state-of-the art in the properties of mineraliz… Read more

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Mineralizing Vesicles: From Biochemical and Biophysical Properties to Their Roles in Physiology and Disease presents the state-of-the art in the properties of mineralizing EVs and their potential clinical applications.

The first chapter presents foundational biochemical and biological aspects of EVs. Next, the title coves the role of EVs in bone ossification and in cardiovascular and cartilage-related diseases. Considering the unique ability of this class of EVs to form apatite minerals assigned to their special biochemical machinery, three chapters of the book then focus on the enzymes catalysing the inorganic phosphate and calcium turn-over and the dynamic properties of the vesicles’ peripheral proteins. Chapters describe the role of inorganic phosphate and calcium ions and of autophagy on the biogenesis and function of mineralizing EVs. Recent studies show that the lumen of mineralizing EVs is partially filled with miRNA, and a chapter therefore considers research on the possible function of these vesicles as signalosomes. The final five chapters of the book describe practical aspects of working with mineralizing EVs, including their purification, proteomic and biophysical analyses, the use of biomimetic models and mineralizing EVs in regenerative medicine.

This title presents, for the first time, a comprehensive account of mineralizing EVs and their potential clinical applications. It will be invaluable to researchers in the field.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Biographies
Preface
Chapter 1. General aspects of extracellular vesicles in bone formation and remodeling
1. Introduction
2. Communications between bone cells
3. Extracellular vesicles
4. Bone cell overview
5. Bone marrow cells interacting with skeletal cells
6. Extracellular vesicle trafficking in the bone microenvironment
7. Extracellular vesicles in fracture healing
8. Extracellular vesicles and bone cancer
9. Medical applications
10. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Chapter 2. Physiological biomineralization. The properties and role of matrix vesicles in skeletal and dental calcifications
1. Introduction
2. Biomineralization in teeth
3. Biomineralization in bones
4. Determinants of mineralization support the functions of matrix vesicles
5. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 3. Pathological biomineralization. Part I: Mineralizing extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases
1. Introduction
2. Extracellular vesicles: origin and classification
3. Extracellular vesicles related to cardiovascular diseases
4. Extracellular vesicles: biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases
5. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles in cardiovascular disease
6. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 4. Pathologic biomineralization: part II: mineralizing extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis
1. Introduction
2. Historical perspective
3. Characterization of ACVs
4. ACVs from osteoarthritis cartilage
5. Factors affecting ACV mineralization
6. Conclusions and future directions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 5. The biochemistry of mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part I: The role of phosphatases
1. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate (PPi): a physicochemical balance
2. The molecules regulating the Pi/PPi ratio
3. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
4. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and other ENPPs
5. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39) and ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73)
6. PHOSPHO1
7. Can Na,K-ATPase act as a phosphatase?
8. Phosphate transporters
9. Genetic diseases caused by altered Pi/PPi ratio
10. Therapeutic approaches to normalizing the Pi/PPi ratio
11. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 6. The biochemistry of mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part II: Annexins
1. Introduction
2. Annexins
3. Annexin knockout animal models
4. Annexins in mineralization-competent cells
5. Annexins in media vesicles and matrix vesicles
6. In vitro properties of annexins
7. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Chapter 7. Calcium and phosphate and their role in matrix vesicles: A biological view
1. Calcium (Ca2+) and inorganic phosphate (PO43−/Pi) ions are essential for life
2. Ca2+ and phosphate ions in mineralization physiology and pathology
3. Cellular origins of matrix vesicles
4. Formation of mineralization-competent matrix vesicles requires osteo/chondrogenic molecular phenotype of the cells
5. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Chapter 8. Autophagy in bone metabolism and its possible role on the function of mineralizing extracellular vesicles
1. Molecular overview of autophagy
2. The canonical role of autophagy on bone maintenance
3. The noncanonical role of autophagy on bone mineralization
4. The role of autophagy on the release of mineralizing extracellular vesicles
5. Induced autophagy decreases smooth muscles cells calcification
6. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 9. The roles of mineralizing extracellular vesicles in cell–cell communication
1. Introduction
2. Proteins in mineralizing EVs
3. miRNAs in mineralizing EVs
4. Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Chapter 10. Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part I: Purification techniques
1. Discovery of matrix vesicles
2. Purification of matrix vesicles from the growth plates and epiphyseal cartilage of chicken embryos
3. Purification of matrix vesicles from rodent primary chondrocytes
4. Purification of matrix vesicles from osteoblast cell lines and from primary osteoblasts
5. Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Chapter 11. Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part II: Proteomic profiling
1. Introduction
2. Essential proteins found prior to the proteomic analysis
3. Proteomic analysis of matrix vesicles extracted from growth plate cartilage of chicken embryo
4. Proteomic analysis of matrix vesicles extracted from osteoblast cell lines
5. Comparative analysis of proteomes of matrix vesicles and articular cartilage vesicles
6. Comparative analysis of matrix vesicles and of extracellular vesicles proteomes
7. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Chapter 12. Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part III: The nucleational core
1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical aspects of biomineralization
3. Discovery of the nucleational core
4. Isolation and characterization of the nucleational core
5. Parameters driving the formation of phosphatidylserine complexes and amorphous calcium phosphate
6. Use of the AFM in the characterization of the nucleational core
7. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 13. Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part IV: Biomimetic models
1. Introduction
2. Proteoliposomes as biomimetic models to assess the role of TNAP in biomineralization
3. Proteoliposomes as biomimetic models to assess the role of Na+,K+-ATPase and NPP1 in biomineralization
4. Proteoliposomes as biomimetic models to assess the role of annexins in biomineralization
5. Langmuir films as biomimetic models of matrix vesicles
6. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 14. Working with mineralizing extracellular vesicles. Part V: Use of Mineralizing extracellular vesicles in bone regeneration
1. Introduction
2. Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles
3. Matrix vesicles: A special class of extracellular vesicles
4. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Index

Massimo Bottini

Massimo Bottini is Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Rome Tor Vergata (Rome, Italy) since 2015. As previous positions, he has been Affiliate Associate Professor at the Sanford Burnham Prebys (La Jolla, USA) from 2015 to 2022, and Visiting Professor at the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, People’s Republic of China) from 2017 to 2019 and at the University of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil) in 2020. He has been the recipient of fellowships/grants from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Arthritis National Research Foundation, the European Commission, the University of Rome Tor Vergata, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He leads the Laboratory of Biochemical Nanotechnology at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. His research is mostly focused on the characterization of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular vesicles released during physiologic and ectopic biomineralization processes.

Affiliations and expertise

PhD., Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Ana Paula Ramos

Ana Paula Ramos is an Associate Professor at the University of Paulo-Brazil. She got her first degree in Chemistry in 2004 and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2009. She is currently an associate Professor of Physical Chemistry, at the University of São Paulo Brazil and a researcher of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). She is the coordinator of the Physical Chemistry of Colloids and Surfaces Laboratory, with expertise in surfaces modification and characterization by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Her main research interests are the synthesis of biomaterials for bone replacement and regeneration. In special, her current projects focus on the use of biomimetic matrices inspired by the interaction of phospholipids and osteogenic proteins found in matrix vesicles as modifiers of metals used for dental implants. Moreover, she is currently investigating the role of strontium on physiological and pathological mineralization.

Affiliations and expertise

Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

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