MicroRNA

MicroRNA: From Bench to Bedside provides an in-depth, expansive overview of microRNA from fundamentals to clinical practice. It presents researchers with detailed insights on the topic of microRNA, exploring foundational knowledge that is followed by methodologies and the latest technologies for research and potential theragnostic and therapeutic applications for specific diseases. The book consists of eight parts, beginning with an introduction to microRNA and the current state of the field, followed by sections on biogenesis and maturation of microRNA, and methodology and bioinformatics, where chapters focus on isolation and detection techniques.

Sections then move on to molecular mechanisms and gene regulation, considering topics such as transcriptional regulation and epigenetic regulation, as well as the role of microRNA as biomarkers. Additionally, microRNA and human disease and microRNA-based therapeutics are explored, focusing on a wide range of diseases such as cancer, age-related disease, cardiovascular disease, microRNA targeted therapy in hepatitis and therapeutic strategies for diabetes. The book concludes with a discussion on advances and future perspectives in microRNA investigation.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Part I: Overview
Chapter 1. Overview of micro-RNA
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The biogenesis of micro-RNA
1.3 Roles of micro-RNA in cancer
1.4 micro-RNAs and chemoresistance/chemosensitivity
1.5 micro-RNA and SARS-CoV-2
1.6 micro-RNA in immune system
1.7 micro-RNA and autoimmune
1.8 micro-RNA and aging
1.9 micro-RNAs and other diseases
1.10 micro-RNA biogenesis of plant
1.11 Cross talking of micro-RNA
1.12 Conclusion
References
Part II: Biogenesis and maturation
Chapter 2. Maturation of microRNAs
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The classic canonical miRNA maturation pathway
2.3 The alternative noncanoniocal miRNA maturation pathway
2.4 The commonly used approaches to study miRNA maturation
References
Part III: Methodology and bioinformatics
Chapter 3. MicroRNA interference
Abstract
3.1 Background: definition and applications
3.2 Methods
3.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. MicroRNA target prediction and validation
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biological concepts used in miRNA target predictions
4.3 Available miRNA target prediction algorithms
4.4 Common experimental validation methods of miRNA targets
4.5 Machine learning algorithms to learn complex patterns in miRNA-target interactions
4.6 Other useful resources and databases for miRNA studies
4.7 Challenges and limitations in computational identification of miRNA targets
4.8 Concluding remarks and perspectives
References
Chapter 5. Turning data to knowledge: online tools, databases, and resources in microRNA research
Abstract
5.1 Human miRNA regulation
5.2 The scope and organization of the chapter
5.3 Repositories for miRNA: catalogs and genome browsers
5.4 Gateway for miRNAs: integrative platforms
5.5 miRNA gene regulation: transcription factors and cellular context
5.6 miRNA-targets prediction: experiments and validations
5.7 miRNA-target databases: network and pathways
5.8 miRNA sponge: ceRNA and lncRNA interaction
5.9 Genomic miRNA database: variations and isomiRs
5.10 miRNA dysregulation: diseases, cancer, and signaling
5.11 Summary and future perspectives
References
Part IV: Molecular mechanisms and gene regulation
Chapter 6. Function of microRNAs in the cytoplasm
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Subcellular localization of miRNAs
6.3 Repression of gene expression via mRNA degradation
6.4 Repression of gene expression via translational repression
6.5 Enhancement of gene expression
6.6 miRNA regulation of gene expression is cell context-specific
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7. MicroRNA turnover and nuclear function
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 miRNA biogenesis
7.3 Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of pre-miRNA
7.4 Nuclear localization of processing proteins and miRNAs
7.5 miRNA functions in the nucleus
7.6 miRNA turnover
7.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8. MicroRNA-mediated transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biogenesis of microRNAs
8.3 Regulatory function of nuclear microRNA
8.4 Regulatory function of mitochondrial microRNA
8.5 Transcriptional gene regulation mediated by nuclear microRNAs
8.6 microRNAs regulate transcription by interaction with gene promoters
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Epigenetic regulation and microRNA expression
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 microRNAs
9.3 Epigenetic regulation of microRNAs
9.4 microRNAs affect epigenetic expression
9.5 microRNAs-epigenetic regulator drugs
9.6 Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 10. RNA m6A modification and microRNAs
Abstract
10.1 Overview of epitranscriptome
10.2 m6A and miRNA
10.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Unconventional functions of miRNAs
Abstract
11.1 Unconventional subcellular localizations of miRNAs
11.2 Unconventional miRNA functions: activation of innate immune sensors
11.3 Other unconventional miRNA functions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest statement
References
Part V: MicroRNA as biomarkers
Chapter 12. Detection methodologies for microRNA biomarker profiling
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 miRNA extraction methods
12.3 miRNA profiling methods
12.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13. Endogenous circulating microRNAs in breast milk
Abstract
13.1 Premature newborns have a fragility to protect
13.2 Function of the innate immunity
13.3 MicroRNAs and regulation of innate immunity
13.4 From B3 (breast, bank, bench) to bedside
13.5 The routine practice in breast milk banks
13.6 The new concept of micro-milk
13.7 Stability of microRNAs and extracellular vesicle isolation
References
Part VI: MicroRNAs and human diseases
Chapter 14. MicroRNAs and cancer
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 OncomiRs in breast cancer
14.3 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in breast cancer
14.4 OncomiRs in lung cancer
14.5 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in lung cancer
14.6 OncomiRs in hepatocellular carcinoma
14.7 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma
14.8 OncomiRs in pancreatic cancer
14.9 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in pancreatic cancer
14.10 OncomiRs in colorectal cancer
14.11 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in colorectal cancer
14.12 OncomiRs in prostate cancer
14.13 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in prostate cancer
14.14 OncomiRs in gastric cancer
14.15 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in gastric cancer
14.16 OncomiRs in ovarian cancer
14.17 Tumor suppressor microRNAs in ovarian cancer
14.18 Conclusion/future directions
References
Chapter 15. MicroRNAs and the immune system
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 MicroRNAs and innate immunity
15.3 MicroRNAs and pattern recognition receptors
15.4 MicroRNAs and induction of IFN signaling pathways
15.5 MicroRNAs, IFN receptors, and JAK-STAT pathway
15.6 MicroRNAs and IFN-stimulated genes
15.7 microRNAs and adaptive immunity
15.8 MicroRNA regulation of T lymphocytes immunity
15.9 MicroRNAs and T-cell development
15.10 MicroRNAs and T-cells activation, proliferation, and differentiation
15.11 MicroRNAs and mature regulatory T cell
15.12 MicroRNAs and B cells
15.13 MicroRNAs involved in the early stages of B-cell development
15.14 MicroRNAs involved in the late stages of B-cell development
15.15 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular diseases
Abstract
16.1 miRNAs in the biology of cardiovascular disease
16.2 miRNAs in arrhythmia
16.3 miRNA in cardiac hypertrophy
16.4 miRNAs in arthrosclerosis
16.5 miRNAs in coronary heart disease
References
Chapter 17. MicroRNAs in neurological diseases
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biogenesis of miRNA
17.3 Role of miRNAs in the regulation of neuronal function, development, and survival
17.4 miRNAs in the neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders
17.5 miRNAs in the neurodegenerative disorders
17.6 Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest statement
References
Chapter 18. Role of miRNAs in muscle atrophy: the myotonic dystrophy paradigm
Abstract
18.1 General introduction
18.2 Role of miRNAs regulating pathways related to muscle atrophy
18.3 Role of miRNAs in muscle atrophy during human disease
18.4 miRNAs and muscle atrophy in myotonic dystrophy
18.5 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
References
Chapter 19. MiRNAs in liver fibrosis: new targets and opportunities for therapy
Abstract
19.1 Update of mechanism and target genes
19.2 miRNA as potential markers for liver cirrhosis
19.3 Development of novel therapy for liver cirrhosis based on miRNA
19.4 Role of exosomes as a natural vector of miRNA in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis
19.5 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 20. MicroRNAs and diabetes mellitus
Abstract
20.1 Introduction to the biology of microRNAs
20.2 Definitions of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
20.3 Circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus
20.4 miRNAs and β-cell function
20.5 miRNAs and gluconeogenesis
20.6 Exosomal miRNAs and diabetes mellitus
20.7 miRNAs in α-cells
20.8 miRNAs and insulin resistance
20.9 miRNAs and adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus
20.10 miRNAs and diabetic nephropathy
20.11 miRNAs and diabetic retinopathy
20.12 miRNAs and diabetic neuropathy
References
Chapter 21. MicroRNA control of kidney disease
Abstract
21.1 Kidney structure and function
21.2 MicroRNA biogenesis and function
21.3 MicroRNAs in renal physiology
21.4 MicroRNA dysregulation in renal diseases
21.5 Clinical applications, therapeutic strategies, and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22. MicroRNA in leukemia
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 MicroRNA deregulation in chronic myeloid leukemia
22.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23. MicroRNAs and other noncoding RNAs in human pathology
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Relationship between miRNAs and other ncRNAs in human pathology
23.3 Conclusion
References
Part VII: MicroRNA based therapeutics
Chapter 24. Overview of microRNA-based therapeutics
Abstract
24.1 MicroRNA mimic therapeutics
24.2 Antisense oligonucleotides anti-microRNAs therapeutics
24.3 Pharmacokinetic of antisense oligonucleotides anti-microRNAs
24.4 Delivery systems of microRNA therapeutics
24.5 Preclinical validation and ongoing clinical trials of microRNA therapeutics
24.6 Drug resistance and microRNA therapeutics: a novel therapeutic paradigm
References
Chapter 25. MicroRNA-based therapeutic strategies for cancer
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 RNA modifications
25.3 Delivery systems
25.4 MiRNA-based therapies in specific cancer types
25.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 26. MicroRNA targeted therapy in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27. MicroRNA targeted therapy in hepatitis
Abstract
27.1 Hepatitis
27.2 miRNA
27.3 miRNAs in hepatitis
27.4 MicroRNA targeted therapy in hepatitis
27.5 Perspective and future directions
References
Chapter 28. MicroRNA-based therapeutic strategies for chronic kidney disease and uremic cardiomyopathy
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Etiology and pathomechanisms of kidney and heart injury in chronic kidney disease
28.3 Biogenesis and function of miRs
28.4 miRs as therapeutic tools
28.5 miR expressional changes in chronic kidney disease and uremic cardiomyopathy
28.6 Shared miRs in chronic kidney disease and uremic cardiomyopathy
28.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29. Clinical applications of microRNAs
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Key concepts of miRNA biology
29.3 miRNAs in clinical applications
29.4 Concluding remarks and future directions
References
Part VIII: Concluding perspectives
Chapter 30. Prospective advances in microRNAs investigation
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Biogenesis and biological functions of miRNAs
30.3 MiRNAs in the extracellular vesicles: a new hot spot in miRNA research
30.4 Perspective prospect of clinical application of miRNAs
30.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index

From Bench to Bedside

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Junjie Xiao