Microplastics in Agriculture and Food Science

Methods for Identification and Remediation

1st Edition - February 27, 2025
Editors: Pasquale Avino, Cristina Di Fiore, Stefano Farris
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 1 0 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 1 1 - 5

Microplastics in Agriculture and Food Science: Methods for Identification and Remediation presents fundamental insights into the sources of microplastics and their impact on import… Read more

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Microplastics in Agriculture and Food Science: Methods for Identification and Remediation presents fundamental insights into the sources of microplastics and their impact on important agricultural, food, and environmental resources. Presenting insights into these highly related fields, this book is the first to enable cross- and multidisciplinary understanding and application.

Microplastics are tiny particles created during plastic production as well as those particles remaining when plastic degrades and breaks down. They are sometimes difficult to identify, and the methods for qualifying and classifying them are not always clear despite the importance of their recognition and remediation. With insights into analytical methods including the challenges, this book addresses microplastics from the farm to the food pyramid, highlighting the issues they raise and the options for removing them.

Written by a global team of experts, this volume contributes to further understanding and addressing of this increasing global challenge, and is an excellent resource for researchers in agricultural science, environmental science, and food science (particularly food chemistry and food packaging).

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Part I. The contaminants of the 21st century: An introduction to microplastics
Chapter 1. Impact of plastic pollution on agricultural ecosystems: Challenges and sustainable solutions
1 Introduction
2 Global plastic waste generation and management scenario
3 Plastic pollution dispersion in agricultural lands and groundwater
4 Dispersion mechanism of plastic waste into agricultural lands
5 Conclusions and way forward
Chapter 2. Plastics in the food sector
1 Introduction
2 Plastics in food and agriculture
2.1 Types of plastic and main polymers
2.2 Plastic usage in agriculture
2.3 Food packaging
2.3.1 Legislation in food packaging
3 Chemical additives
3.1 Legislation of additives in food
3.2 Occurrence of additives in food
4 Conclusion and recommendations
List of abbreviations
Chapter 3. Principal plastic polymers in agricultural and food sectors
1 Introduction
2 History of plastic usage in agricultural and food sectors
3 Plastic polymers in food sector
4 Plastic polymers in agriculture sector
5 Why plastic polymers are important to the agriculture and food sectors?
6 Overview of plastic polymers
7 The link between agriculture and plastic polymers
8 The link between food and plastic polymers
9 Types of plastic polymers in agriculture and food sector
9.1 Frequently used polymers
9.1.1 Polyethylene (PE)
9.1.2 High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
9.1.3 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
9.1.4 Polypropylene (PP)
9.1.5 Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
9.1.6 Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
9.1.7 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
9.1.8 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
9.2 Least frequent thermoplastic polymers
9.2.1 Polyamide (nylon)
9.2.2 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
9.2.3 Polycarbonate (PC)
9.2.4 Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)
10 Need for and importance of plastic polymers in agriculture and food sector
11 Biodegradable polymers and nonbiodegradable polymers in agriculture and food sectors
12 Benefits of using plastic polymers in the agricultural and food sectors
12.1 Advantages in agriculture system
12.1.1 Optimizing the germination from seeds
12.1.2 Reduce water demand
12.1.3 Increasing crop yield
12.1.4 Ropes and nets
12.1.5 Extending the growth season and protect the growing plants
12.1.6 Maintaining the quality of fresh products
12.1.7 Reduce food losses
12.1.8 Reducing herbicide usage
12.2 Advantages in food sector
12.2.1 Packaging
12.2.2 Transportation and storage
12.2.3 Hygiene and safety
12.2.4 Customization and branding
12.2.5 Cost-effectiveness
13 Challenges with plastic polymers in the agricultural and food sectors
14 Key hazards linked with plastics in agriculture
14.1 Plastic pollution
14.2 Soil contamination
14.3 Chemical leaching
14.4 Wildlife hazards
14.5 Greenhouse gas emissions
14.6 Wildlife and marine impacts
14.7 Microplastics in food
15 Key hazards linked with these plastics in food sector
15.1 Microplastic contamination
15.2 Chemical leaching
15.3 Single-use plastic waste
15.4 Landfill space and energy consumption
15.5 Recycling challenges
15.6 Resource depletion
15.7 Environmental pollution
16 Potential health risks
16.1 Migration of chemicals
16.2 Microplastic contamination
16.3 Contamination risks
16.4 Waste management challenges
16.5 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
16.6 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
16.7 Polystyrene (PS)
16.8 Polyethylene (PE)
16.9 Polypropylene (PP)
16.10 Polycarbonate (PC)
16.11 Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
17 Measures for reducing health risk associated with plastics
18 Disposal challenges
19 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 4. From plastics to microplastics
1 Introduction
2 The generation of microplastics
3 The generation of secondary microplastics
3.1 Degradation by abiotic process
3.2 Degradation by biotic process
Part II. Analytical methodologies for microplastics determination: Between limitations and innovations
Chapter 5. Sampling methods for microplastics determination in soil
1 Introduction
2 Sampling design
2.1 Selection of sampling sites
2.2 Sampling approaches on site
2.3 Other considerations: Single or composite samples, number of samples, sample amount and sampling depths
3 Sample collection
3.1 Sampling tools
3.2 Quality assurance and quality control
4 Sample transportation and preservation
5 Conclusions
Supplementary material
Chapter 6. Pretreatment of food and agricultural matrices for microplastics extraction
1 Introduction
2 Precautions to prevent contamination
2.1 General
2.2 Details
3 Drying
4 Homogenization
5 Filtration
6 Acid digestion
6.1 General
6.2 Details
7 Alkaline digestion
7.1 General
7.2 Details
8 Oxidative digestion
8.1 General
8.2 Details
9 Solvent extraction
9.1 General
9.2 Details
10 Enzymatic extraction
10.1 General
10.2 Details
11 Density separation
11.1 General
11.2 Details
12 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Analytical methodologies for qualification of microplastics
1 Introduction
2 Microplastic identification and qualification techniques
2.1 Physical characterization
2.1.1 Visual identification
2.1.2 Stereo-microscopy
2.2 Thermal analysis
2.2.1 Thermoanalytical methods for characterization of microplastics (MPs)
2.2.2 Pyrolysis-GC-MS (Py-GC-MS)
2.2.3 TGA-GC-MS
2.2.4 Thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS)
2.2.5 TGA-FTIR
2.3 Chemical characterization
2.3.1 Raman spectroscopy
2.3.2 FTIR spectroscopy
3 Conclusions
Chapter 8. Quantification of microplastics: A call for method harmonization
1 Introduction
2 Quantification of microplastics in agricultural matrices
2.1 Quantification of microplastics in food matrices
3 Conditions and optimization of Py-GC-MS
4 Py-GC-MS limitations
4.1 Py-GC-MS limitation in the analysis of a mixture of polymers
4.2 Py-GC-MS and pretreatments of food and environmental samples
4.3 Limit of Detection and limit of quantification in Py-GC-MS analysis of microplastics
Part III. Microplastics in agriculture
Chapter 9. Microplastic contamination in soil: Sources, identification, interaction, and risk assessment
1 Introduction
2 Sources of microplastic in soil
2.1 Agriculture activities
2.2 Landfills
2.3 Waste water treatment plants/industrial sludge
2.4 Road transport
2.5 Atmospheric deposition
2.6 Flooding and runoff
2.7 Other sources
3 Analytical methods for soil microplastic
3.1 Screening
3.2 Extraction
3.3 Identification and analysis
4 Interaction of microplastics with soil matrices and its impacts
4.1 Physical interactions of microplastic with soil
4.2 Chemical interactions of microplastic with soil
4.3 Biological interaction of microplastics with soil
4.3.1 Soil flora
4.3.2 Soil fauna
4.3.3 Soil microorganisms
5 Microplastics and associated contaminants in soil
5.1 Microplastics and heavy metals
5.2 Microplastic and organic pollutants
6 Risk assessment of microplastics in soil
7 Management and mitigation of microplastics in soil
8 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 10. Microplastics contamination in crops
1 Introduction
2 Sources of microplastics in crops
2.1 Direct sources
2.1.1 Agricultural plastics
2.2 Plastic coated fertilizers (PCF)
2.3 Indirect sources
2.3.1 Wastewater treatment plants
2.4 Irrigation
2.5 Compost
2.6 Manure and feces
2.7 Unauthorized dumping and oversight
3 Effects of microplastics on crops
3.1 Microplastics affect crop productivity in the following ways
3.2 Accumulation and adsorption
3.3 Physiological effects
3.4 Toxic additives
3.5 Synergistic effects of microplastics and other pollutants
3.6 Indirect effects
3.6.1 Altered soil environment
3.7 Microplastic impacts on soil microbes
4 Human pathogen adhesion
5 Comparison of microplastics contamination
6 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Artificial crop irrigation and microplastic pollution
1 Introduction
2 Sources and fate of microplastics in agricultural soils
3 Impacts of MPs on soil and crops
3.1 Effects of MPs on soil structure and aggregation
3.2 Effects MPs on soil-plant system
3.3 MPs impacts on soil microbiota
4 Artificial crop irrigation and microplastics
5 Remediation of microplastic pollution
6 Conclusions
Chapter 12. Tire wear particles in agriculture: Implications and perspectives
1 Introduction
2 TWPs research using CiteSpace analysis
2.1 Data acquisition and bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace
2.2 Annual variation trends of publications
2.3 Cooperation analysis
2.3.1 Country cooperation analysis
2.3.2 Author cooperation and cocitation analysis
2.4 Keywords and clusters cooccurrence analysis
2.4.1 Keywords cooccurrence analysis
2.4.2 Keyword citation burst analysis
2.4.3 Clusters cooccurrence analysis
2.5 Categories cooccurring analysis
2.6 Dual-map overlay analysis
3 TWPs analytical methods in agriculture
4 Environmental distribution of TWPs in agriculture
5 Risks of TWPs and its released additives in agriculture
6 Combined pollution of TWPs and microplastics in agriculture
7 TWPs mitigation in agriculture
8 Conclusion and perspectives
Chapter 13. Fertilizers and microplastics contamination of crops
1 Microplastics pollution of agricultural land
2 Microplastics and fertilizers
2.1 Microplastics unintentionally mixed in fertilizers: Compost, organic fertilizers, biosolids
2.1.1 Organic fertilizer and compost
2.1.2 Biosolids
2.1.3 Environmental fate of microplastics derived from biosolids and organic fertilizers
2.2 Microplastics intentionally added to fertilizers: Polymer-coated fertilizer
3 Environmental fate and behavior of microplastics derived from polymer-coated fertilizers
3.1 Understanding microplastic pollution on the shoreline of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
3.2 Transport of microplastic derived from polymer-coated fertilizer from paddy fields to the ocean
3.2.1 Input–output balance in paddy fields
3.2.2 Transport process via rivers
3.3 Accumulation of microplastics derived from polymer-coated fertilizer in paddy soils
Chapter 14. Atmospheric particulates and microplastics
1 Definition
2 Sources
3 Size and composition
4 Transport and dispersion
5 Impacts
6 Legislation
7 Particulate matter sampling and chemical analysis
Part IV. Microplastics in farm animals
Chapter 15. Microplastics contamination in livestock and poultry production and waste management
1 Distribution and identification of microplastics contamination from livestock and poultry industry
1.1 The abundance of microplastic contamination from livestock and poultry production and waste
1.2 The method of microplastic detection from livestock and poultry product
2 Microplastics compound contamination in livestock and poultry manure management
2.1 The effect of microplastic composite contamination on ecological environment
2.2 Adsorption mechanism of antibiotics onto microplastics
3 Effects of microplastics on microbial activity during the manure waste management
3.1 Compost
3.2 Sewage and sludge treatment
4 Outlook
Chapter 16. Micro(nano)plastics in farm animals: Health effects
1 Introduction
2 Sources
3 Impact of MNPs on animals and fish system
3.1 Effect on growth and feeding behavior
3.2 Effect on internal organelles
3.3 Effect on reproduction system
3.4 Effect on cellular mechanism of action
3.5 Effect on molecular mechanism of action
4 Analytical detection methods of MNPs in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem
4.1 Separation techniques
4.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.4 Raman spectroscopy
4.5 Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Pyr–GC–MS)
5 Management of MNPs contamination in aquatic and terrestrial environment
5.1 Use of biodegradable polymers
5.2 Microbial degradation
5.3 Biobased technologies
5.4 CRISPR/Cas9 approach
5.5 Nanobiotechnology based approach
6 Policies and regulations
7 Conclusion and future prospective
Chapter 17. Microplastics: From animal to human
1 Introduction
2 Contamination of livestock
3 Contamination of poultry
4 Human consumption
5 Conclusion
AI disclosure
Part V. Microplastics in the food sector
Chapter 18. Food processing and microplastics
1 Introduction
1.1 Sugar
1.2 Beverages
1.3 Dairy products
1.4 Oils
1.5 Other products
Chapter 19. Food packaging and potential microplastics release
1 Introduction
2 Release of MPs from food packaging systems: Main influencing factors and potential consumers' exposure
3 Alternative solutions to conventional plastics against MPs release: The use of bioplastics
Chapter 20. Food pyramid and microplastics
1 Introduction
2 MP transfers from the environment into the food pyramid
3 Microplastics occurrence along the food pyramid
3.1 Microplastics in seafood
3.2 Microplastics in drinking water and other beverages
3.3 Microplastics in algae
3.4 Microplastics in commercial salt
3.5 Microplastics in other foods
4 Final thoughts/conclusions
List of abbreviations
Part VI. Human exposure to microplastics
Chapter 21. Are we eating microplastics?
1 Introduction
1.1 Origins and sources of microplastics: How do they get into food?
1.2 Drinking water and seafood
1.3 Food of terrestrial origin
1.4 Packaged food and microplastics
2 Impact on human health
2.1 Effects on the human organism
2.2 Toxicity due to the presence of chemicals
2.3 Microplastics and their biological risks
3 Dietary exposure to microplastics
3.1 Exploration of the different entry points, from production to the table
3.2 Dietary intake of microplastics
4 Regulations and controls
4.1 Australia
4.2 Canada
4.3 United States
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 The European Food Safety Authority
4.4.2 Spain
4.5 Conclusions on regulations by country and organization
5 Awareness and behavior change
6 Conclusions and future perspectives
AI disclosure
Chapter 22. Microplastics in food production and agricultural environments
1 Introduction
2 Microplastic pollution in the environment
2.1 Microplastics in the aquatic environment
2.2 Microplastics in the terrestrial environment
2.2.1 Sources of microplastics
2.2.2 Concerns on persistence and accumulation of microplastics in soil
2.2.3 Microplastic distribution in soils
2.2.4 Effects on soil health and ecological concerns
2.2.5 Research activities on microplastics in terrestrial environments
3 Microplastics en route: From production to plate
3.1 Plasticulture application as a source of microplastics in agricultural production
3.2 Transfer of microplastics to crop
4 Microplastics in food production
4.1 Microplastics in seafood
4.2 Microplastics in non-seafood
4.3 Food processing and plastic packaging as a source of microplastics
5 Conclusion and recommendations
Part VII. Contaminants associated with microplastics
Chapter 23. Microplastics and their derived plastic additives in agriculture
1 Introduction
2 Plastics in agriculture
2.1 Plastic mulches
2.2 Plastic degradation under agricultural conditions resulting in microplastic emergence in soil
3 Plastic additives
3.1 PA classification
3.1.1 Plasticizers
3.1.2 Flame retardants
3.1.3 Stabilizers and antioxidants
3.2 Plastic additives used in agricultural plastics
3.3 PA release from plastic matrices and their toxic effects
4 Detecting plastic additives in soil
4.1 Soil matrix
4.2 Analytical methods
List of abbreviations
Chapter 24. Microplastics and organic contaminants
1 Introduction
2 Plastics: Production, composition, application, and postusage fate
2.1 Plastics production
2.2 Composition
2.3 Postusage fate
3 Microplastics: Formation, classification, and presence in the environment
3.1 Plastics as an environmental hazard
3.2 Microplastic formation
3.3 Microplastics classification
3.4 Environmental weathering
4 Methods for determining microplastics
4.1 Sieving and filtering
4.2 Separation by density
4.3 Visual sorting
4.4 Stereo microscopy
4.5 Transmission electron microscopy
4.6 Fluorescence microscopy
4.7 Scanning electron microscopy
4.8 Atomic force microscopy
4.9 FTIR and Raman spectroscopy
4.10 Pyrolysis/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
4.11 Thermogravimetric analysis
5 Microplastics: Entering the food chain
5.1 Aquatic organisms
5.2 Plants
5.3 Water and beverages
5.4 Salt, sugar, and honey
5.5 Food in plastics packaging
6 Microplastics as a vector (carrier) for pollutants
6.1 Classification of environmental pollutants
6.2 Adsorption mechanisms
6.3 Polymer properties
6.3.1 Polymer type
6.3.2 Plastic aging degree
6.3.3 Microplastic size, specific surface area, and pore size
6.4 Environmental factors
7 Effects on human health as a consequence of microplastic intake
8 Hazardous effect of monomers, additives, and other pollutants related to microplastics
8.1 Residual monomers
8.2 Additives released from microplastics
8.3 Other pollutants bound to microplastics
9 Conclusions
Chapter 25. Microplastics and inorganic contaminants
1 Introduction
2 MPs as carriers of inorganic contaminants
3 Detection and quantification
4 Adsorption characteristics of MPs
5 Sorption and adsorption on MP surface
6 Health implications
7 Conclusion
Part VIII. Fate of microplastics and toxicological studies
Chapter 26. Translocation of microplastics in human tissues and impact on gut microbiota
1 Introduction
2 Human exposure to micro(nano) plastics
2.1 Dietary exposure
2.2 Inhalation exposure
2.3 Dermal exposure
3 Fate of micro(nano)plastics in the human body and excretion
3.1 Fate of MNPs in the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion and gut microbiota interactions
3.2 Cellular uptake, translocation, and biodistribution
3.3 Impact of MNPs on organ systems
3.3.1 Outstanding questions and conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 27. Microplastics and potential damage to human cells
1 Introduction
2 Transport of MPs/NPs into human cells
3 Mechanisms of toxicity
4 In vitro work with human cells and cell lines
4.1 Gastrointestinal cells
4.2 Lung cells
5 Neurological
6 Immune system
7 Liver
8 Kidney cells
9 Epithelial cells
10 Reproductive toxicity
11 Genotoxicity/carcinogenicity
12 Elimination of MPs/NPs from cells
13 Microplastic risk to human health
14 Conclusions
Chapter 28. 3-D models for studying microplastics effects on humans
1 Introduction
2 Microplastics in the environment and human exposure
2.1 Sources and types of microplastics
2.2 Pathways of human exposure to microplastics
2.2.1 Ingestion
2.2.2 Inhalation
2.2.3 Dermal absorption
2.3 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
3 Potential health effects of microplastics on humans
3.1 Inhalation and respiratory effects
3.1.1 Pathways of exposure
3.1.2 Deposition and distribution
3.1.3 Physiological and inflammatory responses
3.1.4 Potential health risks
3.2 Ingestion and gastrointestinal effects
3.2.1 Absorption and accumulation
3.2.2 Inflammatory responses and gut microbiota disruption
3.2.3 Systemic effects and potential health implications
3.3 Dermal effects
3.3.1 Skin irritation and inflammation
3.3.2 Skin penetration and absorption
3.3.3 Allergic reactions
3.3.4 Interaction with human cells and tissues
4 3-D models for toxicological studies of microplastics
4.1 Overview of 3-D models
4.2 Advantages of using 3-D models for toxicological studies
4.3 3-D skin models for dermal exposure studies
4.4 3-D lung models for inhalation studies
4.5 3-D gut models for ingestion studies
5 Applications of 3-D models in assessing microplastics toxicity
5.1 Evaluating microplastics' interaction with human cells and tissues
5.2 Assessing cellular responses and inflammatory effects
5.3 Identifying potential long-term effects and chronic exposure risks
6 Challenges
7 Future perspectives and key research areas in microplastics research
8 Recommendations for future research
9 Conclusion
9.1 Summary of effect of microplastics on humans
9.2 Potential of 3-D models in advancing microplastics research
Part IX. Additional topics and considerations
Chapter 29. Use of agriculture product and bioindicator
1 Introduction
2 Plants and vegetable as a monitoring tool for environmental pollution
2.1 Mosses
2.2 Lichens
2.3 Fruits, vegetables, and plant
3 Insects as monitoring tool for environmental pollution
4 Bioindicators for microplastics investigations in terrestrial environment
5 Potential application of biomonitoring for microplastic's detection in the environment
Chapter 30. Potential solutions in the agriculture and food sector
1 Introduction
1.1 Microplastics and their impact on agriculture and food science
1.2 Potential solutions to tackle the microplastics issue
2 Causes and sources of microplastic contamination in agriculture and food products
2.1 Sources of microplastics contamination in agriculture
2.2 Causes of microplastic contamination in food
2.2.1 Explanation of how microplastics enter the food chain
2.2.2 Examples of foods commonly contaminated
2.2.3 Health implications of microplastics in food
2.2.4 Factors contributing to microplastics contamination in food
3 Potential solutions to prevent microplastics contamination in agriculture
3.1 Education and awareness
3.2 Improved waste management
3.3 Biodegradable alternatives to plastic mulching films
3.4 Research and development
4 Potential solutions to reduce microplastics contamination from food packaging
4.1 Implementing stricter regulations on plastic use in food packaging
4.2 Promoting alternatives to plastic packaging materials
4.3 Enhancing waste management systems to prevent plastic pollution
4.4 Potential challenges in implementing solutions
4.4.1 Resistance from industries reliant on plastic packaging
4.4.2 Sustainability and cost implications of transitioning to alternatives
4.4.3 Coordination and enforcement of regulations globally
Index

Pasquale Avino

Prof. Avino studies the development of innovative analytical methodologies for development and application of analytical and sampling methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical compounds (e.g., contaminants, pollutants, nutrients) in food, agricultural, biological and anthropogenic matrices. These studies are aimed at evaluating inorganic and organic species present at trace and ultra-trace levels in food and environmental (smoke, air, water and soil) matrices, as well as the evaluation of the environmental and human health risks related to the exposure/ingestion of such compounds. In 1998 he received both the “Group Achievement NASA Award” and the “Next Generation Award” ( 22nd International Symposium on Chromatography). He has also received the “Environmental Sapio” Award for his research in the environmental field and in particular in the atmospheric particulate matter problems. Prof. Avino is author and co-author of scientific publications including original papers published in national and international journals and books.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

Cristina Di Fiore

Cristina Di Fiore is a Research Fellow at the University of Molise in Environmental and Analytical Chemistry. She obtained her Ph.D. in Science, Technologies and Biotechnologies of Food, working in Environmental and Analytical Chemistry. Precisely, her Ph.D. was based on the extraction and chemical determination of microplastics in several food matrices. She is the author of 26 articles, mainly focused on microplastic’s analyses, as well as on the development of analytical protocols for determination of several environmental pollutants.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

Stefano Farris

Stefano Farris is Full Professor at the Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) – University of Milan. His research focuses on the design and development of new high-performance materials using mainly biomacromolecules, by means of different approaches such as soft chemistry and nanotechnology. His research firstly deals with fundamental aspects to provide new suitable practical solutions, especially for the food packaging sector. This is accomplished by strong and fruitful collaborations with several industrial partners.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Microplastics in Agriculture and Food Science

Methods for Identification and Remediation

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