Microbiome and the Eye

What's the Connection?

1st Edition - June 20, 2023
Editors: Anat Galor, Jun Sun
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 3 3 8 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 5 3 7 - 6

Microbiome and the Eye: What’s the connection? highlights how alterations in the gut and eye microbiomes can lead to systemic immune alterations with subsequent effects on the ey… Read more

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Microbiome and the Eye: What’s the connection? highlights how alterations in the gut and eye microbiomes can lead to systemic immune alterations with subsequent effects on the eye. The book is divided into two sections, one highlighting how alterations in the gut microbiome impact various components of health outside the gut, with a focus on the immune system and inflammatory mediators, and the second focusing on studies on a variety of ocular diseases, including ocular surface diseases/dry eye, keratitis, uveitis, glaucoma, and retinopathy to gut dysbiosis. With its translational approach, the book is suitable for both researchers and clinicians.

The book will help readers understand the mechanisms in which gut and eye microbiome composition may influence health in multiple compartments, with a focus on eye diseases.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Part 1. How does the microbiome influence human health
Chapter One. The “normal” gut microbiome and human health
1. Introduction
2. The definition of “microbiome”: Old concepts and new challenges
3. Concepts of “gut microbiome health”
4. Biological functions of a healthy microbiome: Quality not just quantity
5. Location matters: Eye, skin, brain, and gut microbiome
6. Mechanisms for better understanding modulation microbiome
7. Challenges, conclusion, and future work
Chapter Two. Structural and functional variation of human oral microbiome in health and disease
1. Introduction
2. Adult oral microbiome
3. Acquisition and maturation from birth, adolescence to adulthoods
4. Factors associated with structural and functional variation
5. Connection to gastrointestinal pathophysiology
6. Connection to systemic diseases
7. Concluding remarks
Chapter Three. The “normal” ocular microbiome and human eye health
1. Introduction
2. What components constitute the ocular surface?
3. What is the ocular surface microbiome?
4. Conclusion
Chapter Four. What is microbial dysbiosis and how does it impact human health?
1. What is the definition of dysbiosis?
2. Challenges in using the term ‘dysbiosis’
3. Examples of dysbiosis-disease associations at various body sites
4. What are the drivers of dysbiosis?
5. Current approaches and considerations for defining dysbiosis
6. Final thoughts
Chapter Five. Immune response to intestinal microbial dysbiosis
1. Healthy microbiota
2. Gut dysbiosis and the immune response in GI diseases
3. Perspectives
Part 2. Microbiome alterations and eye disease
Chapter Six. The impact of microbiome alterations on ocular surface diseases
1. Introduction
2. Gut microbiome and dry eye
3. Oral microbiome and dry eye
4. Ocular microbiome and dry eye
5. Conclusions
Chapter Seven. The microbiome and keratitis
Chapter EIGHT. Seven reasons for a uveitis specialist to understand the microbiome
1. The microbiome educates the immune response
2. Every immune-mediated disease is associated with dysbiosis
3. HLA associations with uveitis and other immune-mediated diseases might occur via the microbiome
4. Diet greatly affects the microbiome and so it must affect the immune response
5. The microbiome affects the efficacy of multiple medications
6. The microbiome has therapeutic potential
7. The microbiome could lead to the prevention of immune-mediated diseases
Chapter Nine. Influence of gut microbiome on primary open angle glaucoma
Chapter Ten. Microbiome abnormalities and retinal disease
1. The microbiome as a contributor to diabetic retinopathy
2. The gut-retina axis and age-related macular degeneration
3. Therapeutic considerations
Chapter Eleven. Microbiome manipulation as a target for eye diseases: Lessons from animal models
1. Introduction
2. The intestinal microbiota influence on adaptive immunity
3. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota in noninfectious uveitis and other extraintestinal disease, lessons from rodents
4. Therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiome
5. Conclusions
Chapter Twelve. Microbiome manipulation as a target for eye diseases: lessons from humans
1. Introduction
2. What is a normal gut and the ocular surface microbiome?
3. Dysbiosis
4. Diet
5. Pre and probiotics
6. Fecal microbiota transplantation
7. Conclusion
Index

Anat Galor

Anat Galor is a staff physician at the Miami VAMC and a Professor of Ophthalmology at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami. Dr. Galor received an undergraduate degree from Carnegie Mellon University in 1997 and a medical doctorate degree at Washington University School of Medicine in 2002. She pursued residency training in ophthalmology at the Cleveland Cole Eye Institute (2006) followed by fellowship training in uveitis at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University (2007) and fellowship training in cornea, external disease, and refractive surgery at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (2008). Dr. Galor is the author of numerous publications that focus on dry eye, ocular surface tumors, and cornea. Dr. Galor's research has focused on understanding mechanisms of pain in dry eye, with an emphasis on studying new diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Affiliations and expertise

Staff Physician, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA

Jun Sun

Dr. Jun Sun is a tenured Professor of Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), U.S.A.. She is an elected fellow of American Gastroenterological Associate (AGA) and American Physiology Society (APS). She is the Chair-elected for the AGA microbiome section. Her research interests are host-microbiome interactions in inflammation and cancer. Her key achievements include 1) characterization of vitamin D receptor regulation of gut microbiome in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation, 2) identification of dysbiosis and intestinal dysfunction in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 3) characterization of bacteria in regulating intestinal stem cells and leading to cancer, and 4) identification and characterization of the Salmonella protein AvrA in host-bacterial interactions. Dr. Sun has published over 170 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, including Gut, Gastroenterolog, Cell Stem Cells, Nature Genetics, JBC, Autophagy, American Journal of Pathology, & American Journal of Physiology-GI. She is the leading editor of three books, including a recent Nature/Spring book entitled “Mechanisms underlying host-microbiome interactions in pathophysiology of human diseases.” This book has shown a novel theme and multiple disciplinary topics of microbiome research for broad audience. She is the author of Nature/Spring book “Statistical Analysis of Microbiome Data with R. This timely book addresses the statistical modelling and analysis of microbiome data using cutting-edge R software. She serves the editorial board of more than 10 peer-reviewed international scientific journals. She services study sections for the NIH, American Cancer Society, and other national and international research foundations. She has been invited to chair meetings on microbiome, be a keynote speaker, and to write reviews, editorials, and comments on microbiome in human diseases for peer-reviewed journals. She is actively involved in advocating microbiome research at the international, national and institutional levels. Her research is supported by the NIH, DOD, and other research awards. Dr. Sun is a believer of scientific art and artistic science. She enjoys writing her science papers in English and poems in Chinese. She teaches her medical fellows biomedical knowledge and also the way to translate the Chinese poems. In addition to her research papers and books, her poetry collection《让时间停留在这一刻》“Let time stay still at this moment” is published in 2018 by the Chinese Literature and History Press.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA