CONTENTS
Preface v
Preface to the First Edition vii
Acknowledgements ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbiology 1
Microbiology – What It Means 1
Why a Nurse Must Study Microbiology 1
Historical Perspective (Milestones in Microbiology) 2 Chapter 2 Normal Flora of the Human Body 8
Introduction 8
Normal Flora of the Skin 10
Normal Flora of the Eye (Conjunctiva) 10
Normal Flora of Mouth and Upper Respiratory Tract 10
Normal Flora of Gastrointestinal Tract 11
Normal Flora of Genitourinary Tract 11 Chapter 3 Microscopy and Morphology of Bacteria 13
Introduction 13
Structure of Bacteria 14
Morphology of Bacteria 15
Microscopic Examination 15
Microscopy 19 Chapter 4 Growth and Nutrition of Bacteria 23
Bacterial Growth 23
Bacterial Nutrition 25
Other Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth 25 Chapter 5 Study of Bacteria 27
Introduction 27
Culture Media, Methods and Characteristics 28
Biochemical Reactions 32
Antigenic Characters 34
Animal Pathogenicity 35
Resistance to Antibiotics and Other Agents 35
Typing Techniques 36 Chapter 6 Collection and Transport of Specimens for Microbiological Examination 38
Introduction 39
Blood 40
Cerebrospinal Fluid 42
Respiratory Tract Specimens 42
Urine 43
Stool 43
Serous Fluids 43
Tissue 43
Eye Swabs 44
Genitourinary Tract Specimens 44
Specimens Collected for Viral Culture 44
Specimens Collected for Anaerobic Culture 44
Specimens Collected for Fungal Culture 45 Chapter 7 Hospital-Acquired Infection: An Overview 47
Introduction 47
Definition 48
Prevalence and Importance 48
Microbial Causes of Hospital Infection 49
Sources and Mode of Spread of Hospital Infection 50
Control of Hospital-Associated Infections 51
Microbiological Surveillance 52 Chapter 8 Disinfection 58
Introduction 58
Definitions 59
Types of Disinfection 59
Types of Disinfectants/Antiseptics 59
Disinfection Policy 62
Other Recommended Disinfection Procedures 63
Testing of Disinfectants 64 Chapter 9 Sterilization 66
Introduction 66
Sterilization by Dry Heat 67
Sterilization by Moist Heat 68
Sterilization by Filtration 72
Sterilization by Radiation 73
Ultrasonic and Sonic Vibrations 73
Sterilization of Heat-Labile Equipment 74 Chapter 10 Management of Hospital Waste 76
Introduction 76
Classification of Hospital Waste 77
Segregation of Biomedical Waste 78
Storage and Transportation of Biomedical Waste 79
Treatment and Disposal of Biomedical Waste 79
Education 80 Chapter 11 Patient Safety 81
Introduction 81
Four Major Global Challenges for Patient Safety 81 Chapter 12 Microbiological Investigation of an Outbreak 83
Introduction 83
Recognition of an Outbreak 84
Notification of the Outbreak 84
Investigation of a Suspected Outbreak 84
Control Measures 85 Chapter 13 Measures to Minimize Occupational Hazards of Health Care Workers 87
Introduction 87
Primary Prevention of Exposure 88
Viral Hepatitis 89
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 92
Tuberculosis 95
Prevention of Transmission of Blood-Borne Pathogens from HCWs to Patients 95 Chapter 14 Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance 97
Introduction 97
Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Agents 99
Some Antimicrobial Agents in Use 100
Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents 101
Control of Nosocomial Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria 101 Chapter 15 Immunity 103
Introduction 103
Immunity 104 Chapter 16 Antigens 110
Introduction 110
Classification of Antigens 111
Properties of Antigenicity 111 Chapter 17 Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) 112
Introduction 112
Structure of Immunoglobulins 113
Classification of Immunoglobulins 113
Cross-reactivity 115 Chapter 18 Antigen–Antibody Reactions 117
Introduction 117
Types of Antigen–Antibody Reactions 118 Chapter 19 The Complement System 124
Introduction 124
Functions of the Complement System 125
Pathways of the Complement System 125 Chapter 20 Immune Response 128
Introduction 128
Humoral Immune Response 129
Cell-mediated Immune Response 131
Immunological Tolerance 132 Chapter 21 Hypersensitivity 133
Introduction 133
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions 133 Chapter 22 Prevention of Infection by Immunization 136
Introduction 136
Specific Host Responses to Vaccines 139
Vaccines Available in India 139
Adverse Reactions Associated with Immunization 141
Future Vaccines 141 Chapter 23 Water-Borne and Food-Borne Diseases 143
Water-Borne Diseases 143
Food-Borne Diseases 146 Chapter 24 The Cocci 148
Introduction 148
Staphylococcus aureus 149
Streptococcus 153
Streptococcus pyogenes 154
Enterococcus 157
Pneumococcus 159
Meningococcus 161
Gonococcus 163 Chapter 25 The Bacilli and the Vibrios 167
Bacilli Associated with the Respiratory Tract 167
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Bordetella pertussis
- Legionella pneumophila
- Klebsiella
sp.
Bacilli Associated with Intestinal Canal 176
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C
- Food Poisoning Bacilli
- Shigella
sp.
- Proteus
sp.
- Pseudomonas
sp.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium leprae
- Spore-Bearing Bacilli 190
- Clostridium tetani
- C. welchii (perfringens), C. septicum
and C. oedematiens (novyi)
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium difficile
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacilli Derived from Infected Animals 198
- Yersinia pestis
- Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis
and Brucella suis
- The Vibrios 201
- Vibrio cholerae, Vibro choleare O139
- Campylobacters 204
- Helicobacter 204
- Bacteroides 205
Chapter 26 The Spirochaetes 207
Syphilis Spirochaete 207
Congenital Syphilis 209
Pinta and Yaws Spirochaetes 211
Vincent’s Angina Spirochaete 212
Relapsing Fever Spirochaetes 212
Lyme’s Disease Spirochaete 213
Leptospirosis Spirochaetes 214 Chapter 27 Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia and Ehrlichia 217
Introduction 217
Mycoplasmas 218
Chlamydiae 220
Rickettsiae 222
Ehrlichia 225 Chapter 28 The Fungi 227
Introduction 227
Classification of Fungi 228
Superficial Mycoses 229
Subcutaneous Mycoses 233
Systemic Mycoses 235
Opportunistic Mycoses 239 Chapter 29 The Viruses – Part I: DNA Viruses 244
Introduction 244
Poxviruses 246
Herpes Viruses 247
Adenoviruses 252
Papovaviruses 253
Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B Virus or HBV) 255
Parvovirus 258 Chapter 30 The Viruses – Part II: RNA Viruses 260
Introduction 261
Orthomyxoviruses 261
Paramyxoviruses 264
Togaviruses 268
Flaviviruses 269
Bunyaviruses 274
Caliciviruses 275
Coronaviruses 277
Reoviruses 279
Picornaviruses 280
Arenaviruses 285
Rhabdoviruses (Rabies Virus) 286
Filoviruses 289
Retroviruses 290 Chapter 31 Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Microbiology 295
Introduction 295
Tests for Detection of Antibodies 296
Tests for Detection of Microbial Antigens in Tissues and Body Fluids 300
Tests for Detection of Nucleic Acids 303
Tests for Detection of Metabolites 305
Rapid Culture Methods 305 Chapter 32 Parasitology 307
Introduction 307
Protozoa 308
Helminths 321 Chapter 33 Vectors and Disease 339
Introduction 340
Mosquitoes 341
Housefly 342
Sand Fly (Phlebotomus) 343
Tsetse Fly (Glossina) 343
Black Fly 344
Louse/Lice 344
Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) 345
Reduviid Bug 346
Ticks 346
Mites 346
Cyclops 347 Bibliography 349
Glossary 353
Index 359
