Microbial Symbionts

Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host

1st Edition - September 25, 2022
Imprint: Academic Press
Editor: Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 3 3 4 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 3 3 5 - 7

Microbial Symbionts: Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host focuses on microbial symbionts of plants, animals, insects and molecular methods in the identification of microb… Read more

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Microbial Symbionts: Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host focuses on microbial symbionts of plants, animals, insects and molecular methods in the identification of microbial symbionts. The book describes the molecular mechanism and interactions of symbiosis of microbiome in plants, animals and humans. It brings the latest techniques for identification, localization and functional characterization of host-associated microbes and explains the role/importance of microbial symbionts. This comprehensive reference covers a wide range of symbiotic microorganisms used for basic and advanced techniques associated with the isolation, characterization and identification of microbial symbiotic microorganisms and their functions and molecular interactions on the host.

The book will also helps users plan and execute experiments with appropriate knowledge rather than experimental trial and error in a wide range of disciplines, including Microbiology, Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editor
Preface
Section 1. Microbial symbionts of plants: functions and molecular interactions with the host
Chapter 1. Cyanobacterial symbiotic interaction in pteridophytes
Introduction
Cyanobacterial pteridophyte symbiosis
Biogeography of Azolla
Morphology of Azolla
Reproduction of Azolla and maintenance of symbiosis
Physiology, biochemistry associated with symbiotic interaction
Molecular studies on Anabaena–Azolla symbiosis
Economic importance of Azolla
Chapter 2. Cyanobacterial symbiosis with bryophytes
Introduction to cyanobacterial symbiosis
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in the plant kingdom
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in bryophytes
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in liverworts
Infection process of cyanobacteria in liverwort and molecular interaction
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in hornworts
Infection of symbionts
Signaling between hornworts and cyanobionts
Molecular basis of interaction
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in mosses
Molecular interactions
Chapter 3. Symbiotic cyanobacteria in gymnosperms
Introduction
Biogeography of cycads and cyanobacterial diversity in cycads
Morphological characteristics of cycads and cyanobacteria in symbioses
Chapter 4. Cyanobacterial symbionts from angiosperm
Introduction
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in Amaranthaceae
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in Lemnaceae
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in Fabaceae
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in Poaceae
Cyanobacterial symbiosis in Gunnera
Chapter 5. Frankia from actinorhizal plants
Introduction
Frankia
Actinorhizal plants
Frankia- actinorhizal microsymbiosis
Actinorhizal nodule
Isolation and cultivation of Frankia
Estimations of N2 fixation by Frankia in soil
Nodulation test
Role of Frankia in sustainable agriculture
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Conventional and unconventional symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with legumes
Introduction
Biological nitrogen fixation
The Fabaceae
Rhizobia
The betaproteorhizobia
Conclusion
Chapter 7. Ensifer meliloti is the main microsymbiont of Prosopis chilensis in arid soils of Eastern Morocco
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Genetic diversity of the rhizobial isolates
Conclusion
Chapter 8. Fungal mycorrhizae from plants roots: functions and molecular interactions
Introduction
Fungal mycorrhizae: the symbiotic association between fungi and roots
Mechanism of root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi
Function of strigolactones—a new class of bioactive molecules
Functions of mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis
Crucial role of AMF against various abiotic stresses
Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 9. Photobiont symbiotic association in lichens
Introduction
What are mycobionts?
What are photobionts?
Recognition and specificity of association between photo- and mycobiont components
Precontact stage of photobiont and mycobiont interactions
Low levels of specificity in certain lichen species
The mycobiont-photobiont interface in different types of lichens
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Endolichenic actinobacterial association in fruticose, foliose, and crustose lichens
Introduction
Endolichenic actinobacteria from various substrates
Isolation of endolichenic actinobacteria
Culture-independent method
Analysis
Quality optimization—sequencing data
OTU analysis and species annotation
OTU venn diagram and petal diagram
Species annotation
Graphics display
Sample complexity analysis
Group differential analysis
Rank abundance curve
Rarefaction curve
Beta diversity
(Un)weighted UniFrac distance matrix
PCoA analysis
PCA analysis
NMDS analysis
UPGMA tree
Conclusions
Chapter 11. Epibionts and endolichenic microbial communities
Introduction
Geological history of epibionts
Ecological trend among epibionts
The pattern of distribution in epibionts
Consequences involved in epibiosis
Diversity and ecology of endolichenic fungus (ELF)
Community structure and taxonomic affiliations of ELF
Isolation methods for ELF
Bioactivity of ELF
Bioprospecting of ELF
Endolichenic bacteria
Conclusion
Chapter 12. Mycobionts interactions in lichen
Introduction
Taxonomic overview of lichen
Morphology of lichens
Members of lichen microenvironment
Lichens networks and association
Pathways in the lichen symbiosis
Lichen symbiosis for survival and nutrition
Lichen contributions to the ecosystem
Lichen symbiosis and extreme adaptations
Resistance against abiotic stress
Biological molecules and secondary metabolites
Conclusions
Chapter 13. Symbiotic functional molecules in endophytic actinobacteria in actinorhizal plants: scientometric profile
Introduction
Actinorhizal plants
Actinorhizal symbiosis
Scientometric profile of global research on symbiotic actinobacteria in actinorhizal plants using the Web of Science (WOS) database
Conclusions
Chapter 14. Bacterial symbiosis in edible mushrooms
Introduction
Mycorrhizal symbiosis
Life cycle of edible mushroom
Conclusion
Chapter 15. Symbiotic microbial interactions in medicinal mushroom: an insight of phenotypic and genotypic characterization methods
Introduction
Types of mushrooms
Medicinal mushrooms
Bacteria
Endosymbiosis
Ectosymbiosis
Symbiotically associated bacteria in medicinal mushrooms
Isolation and identification of microorganisms from medicinal mushrooms
Culture-dependent method (culture method)
Culture-independent method
RFLP
AFLP
RAPD
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
Metagenomics
Chapter 16. Molecular symbiotic interactions of cyanobacterial association in nonvascular seedless plants
Introduction
Symbiosis of nonvascular plants
Symbiotic interactions between nonvascular seedless plants with cyanobacterium
Molecular mechanisms of cyanobacteria with plant symbioses
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Microbial symbionts from Algae
Introduction
Bacterial communities associated with sea weeds
Fungal communities associated with sea weeds
Actinomycetes communities associated with seaweeds
Applications
Chapter 18. Screening of symbiotic ability of Rhizobium under hydroponic conditions
An introduction to Rhizobium with emphasis on nodulation and Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF)
Hydroponics as a screening system
Chapter 19. Arbuscular mycorrhizal community analysis from a grassland ecosystem
Introduction
Establishment of AMF in host
AMF diverse functions in cultivated plant species
Overview on grassland ecosystem
Assessment of AMF in grassland
Conclusion
Chapter 20. Mass production of cyanobacterial symbiont
Introduction
Methodology
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Chapter 21. Exploration of Rhizobium for its mass production and plant growth promoting properties
Introduction
Mass cultivation of Rhizobium
Rhizobium mediated crop interaction
Biocontrol efficacy of Rhizobium sp.
Conclusions
Chapter 22. Symbiotic associations of Frankia in actinorhizal plants
Introduction
Ecology and distribution of Frankia
Structure of Frankia
Biochemical properties
Metal homeostasis
Frankia culture characteristics
Isolation of Frankia
Effects of preservation
Mechanism of oxygen protection
Role of flavonoids in functioning of nodule and signaling
Infectivity and specificity of host
Interactions of Frankia
Frankia infection process
The use of actinorhizal symbioses
Conclusion
Section 2. Microbial symbionts of animals: functions and molecular interactions with the host
Chapter 23. Symbiotic microbes from ciliates: functional and molecular interaction with the host
Introduction
Symbiosis: An overview
Establishment of symbiosis in ciliate
Phylogeny of symbionts with respect to metabolic and molecular interaction
Evolutionary and ecological significance
Current approaches
Terms used in symbiosis research and in this chapter
Chapter 24. Symbiotic microbes from corals
Introduction
Coral anatomy
Microorganims in coral
Bacteria
Actinobacteria
Fungi
Algae
Archaea
Virus
Conclusion
Chapter 25. Symbiotic microbes from pig gut
Introduction
Intestinal microbiota of pig
Factors influencing symbiotic pig gut microflora
Conclusion
Chapter 26. Symbiotic functions of rumen microbial community in dairy cows
Introduction
Microbial ecosystem in the rumen
Rumen fermentation pathways
Bacteria
Protozoa
Archaea
The rumen microbiome's metagenomic profile
Probiotic and types of bacteria
Rumen and probiotics
Probiotics mechanism
Ruminant probiotic application
Conclusions
Chapter 27. Microbial symbionts in ruminants
Introduction
Rumen microbiome
Biome
Why rumen microbiome?
How is rumen environment?
The advancement of rumen microbiome
Factors affecting rumen microbiome
Host effects
Diet
Geographic locations
Importance of rumen microbiota
Bacteria
Why cattle and symbionts?
Microbe diversity of cattle rumen
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Bacteria
Regulation of interaction between host and microbiota
Mechanism of microbial degradation
Cellulose degradation
Hemicellulose degradation
Degradation of other plant components
Need for the study of ruminal microbes
Methane production
Conclusion
Chapter 28. Vibrio fischeri in squid light organ
Introduction
Quorum sensing—the mechanism behind bioluminescence in V. Fischeri
LuxI-LuxR component
AinS-AinR component
Conclusions
Chapter 29. Symbiotic microbial interactions in fish gut
Introduction
Gut microbiomes of fish
Beneficial role of fish gut microbiome
Symbiotic microbial interactions for nutrition
Symbiotic microbial interactions for secondary metabolite production
Marine microbes as potential natural product source
Chapter 30. Symbiotic microbes from the human gut
Introduction
Human gut microbiota
Functionality of gut microbiota
Structural
Neurological
Concluding remarks
Chapter 31. Symbiotic association of gut microbiome in health and diseases at ageing
Introduction
Development of microbiome
Factors affecting gut microbiome
Gut-microbiome symbiosis in aging
Gut microbiome as marker for aging
Gut microbial symbionts in health and diseases
The centenarian gut
Conclusion
Chapter 32. Microbial symbionts in polar animals
Introduction
Symbiosis
Polar life
Polar animals
Microbial symbionts in Arctic animals
Microbial symbionts in Antarctic animals
Conclusion
Section 3. Microbial symbionts of insects and parasites: functions and molecular interactions with the host
Chapter 33. Primary and secondary endosymbionts aphid: Buchnera sps.
Introduction
Primary endosymbiont in aphids
Secondary endosymbiont in aphids
Comparative phylogenetics of Buchnera sp. and aphids
Genetic expression of primary and secondary endosymbionts
Transmission
Impact of endosymbionts
Adaptation to environment
Resistance to desiccation
Impact of population dynamics
Host resistant to pesticides
Evolutionary behavior on host
Chapter 34. Wolbachia: an endosymbiont of Drosophila
Introduction
Expansion of Wolbachia in different Drosophila species and populations
Transmission
Reproduction manipulations in Drosophila
Effects on fitness
Genomics of Wolbachia in Drosophila and mechanisms of interactions
Conclusions
Chapter 35. Endosymbionts: Wolbachia from mosquitoes
General aspects of Wolbachia
Effects of Wolbachia infection on mosquitoes
Mosquito control programs using Wolbachia
Natural Wolbachia infection in mosquitoes, the controversy
Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes, a promising tool
Conclusions
Chapter 36. Endosymbiotic interactions of actinobacteria with the insects
Introduction
Actinobacteria
Insect
Ant–actinobacteria symbiotic relationship and its bioactive metabolites
Actinobacterial symbiosis in stingless bees
Actinobacterial symbiosis in wasps
Actinobacterial symbiosis in termites
Conclusion
Chapter 37. Termitomyces fungus combs—formation, structure, and functional aspects
Introduction
Formation and maintenance of fungus combs
Fungus combs and nitrogen fluxes within termite nests
Chemical features related to the origin of plant matter
Variation in comb physical structure
Conclusions
Section 4. Molecular methods and interactions of microbial symbionts
Chapter 38. Host–microbial symbiotic relationships in sponges
Introduction
Host–microbiome symbiosis in nutrient metabolism
Host-defence and other molecular interactions
Conclusion
Chapter 39. Functional metagenomics profiling of symbiotic microbiome
Introduction
Marker-assisted microbiome approach
Shotgun metagenomics approach
Challenges
Applications of functional metagenomics
Conclusions
Chapter 40. Key model systems in animal–microbe beneficial interactions
Introduction
In vitro system
In vivo systems
Conclusion
Chapter 41. Culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches in symbiont analysis
Introduction
Culture-independent approaches
Culture-dependent approaches
Concluding remarks
Chapter 42. Culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches in symbiont analysis: in proteobacteria
Introduction
Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria
Culture dependent
Biological nitrogen fixation
Symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium leguminous root nodules
Azospirillum
Limitations of cultured bacteria
Limitations of culture independent
Conclusion
Chapter 43. In situ techniques to study noncultivable microbial symbionts
Introduction
Non-PCR based techniques
PCR-based approaches
Novel approaches to study noncultivable microbial symbionts: next-generation sequencing approaches
Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 44. Transcriptome analysis of symbiotic microbes
Introduction to transcriptome analysis
Significance of transcriptome analysis about symbiotic interactions
Methods of transcriptome analysis
Symbionts of the plant kingdom
Transcriptome analysis of animal symbionts
Conclusion
Chapter 45. Secondary metabolites produced from symbiotic microbes
Symbiosis: origin, development, and production of metabolites
Metabolites of symbiotic microbes
The lichen symbiosis
Ten different lichen species from different parts of the world
Twenty different Usnea lichen species growing in Western Ghats of India
Fungi symbiosis
Symbiotic microbes
Conclusion
Chapter 46. Quorum sensing relationship analysis of microbial symbionts
Introduction
Quorum sensing—an overview
Quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria
Quorum sensing and competition
QS and cooperation
Laboratory models of cooperation
Stabilization of cooperative behaviors rely on QS
Conclusion
Chapter 47. Biosynthetic gene clusters of symbiotic gut microbiome in succession of human health
Introduction
Experimental analysis of biosynthetic gene cluster
Conclusions
Chapter 48. Functions and molecular interactions of the symbiotic microbiome in oral cavity of humans
Introduction
Oral microbiota location
Development of oral microbiome
Types of oral flora
Classification of human oral flora
Oral microbiota and the oralome
Methods of studying the oral microbiome (Deo et al., 2019)
Human oral microbiome depository
Factors influencing oral microbiomes
The oral microbiome functions
Interactions between the host and the microbes in the mouth
Cellular receptors
Conclusions
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Microbial Symbionts

Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host

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Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai

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