Membrane Characterization

Part 1. Spectroscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization

Chapter 1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. FTIR Principle and Analysis Process
• 3. Sample Preparation Methods
• 4. Techniques of Sample Handling
• 5. Membrane Surface Functionalization Monitoring by FTIR
• 6. Stability and Durability Monitoring in Various Membrane Application by FTIR
• 7. Conclusion

Chapter 2. Raman Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Principle of Raman Spectroscopy
• 3. Raman Spectroscopy for Polymer Characterization
• 4. Raman Spectroscopy for Polymeric Membrane Characterization
• 5. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviation

Chapter 3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Fundamentals of EPR
• 3. EPR Applications for the Synthetic Polymeric Membranes
• 4. Other Examples of EPR Applications
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basics of NMR Spectroscopy
• 3. Prediction of Molecular Structure, Blend Miscibility, Phase Morphology of the Polymers
• 4. Determination of Pore Structure and Pore Radius of the Polymeric Membrane
• 5. Determination of Stability and Degradation of Polymeric Membranes
• 6. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols

Chapter 5. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basics of XPS
• 3. Determination of Atomic Concentration in Polymer Membranes
• 4. Prediction of Crosslinking and Hydrophilicity of the Polymer Membranes
• 5. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Small-Angle Scattering Techniques (SAXS/SANS)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Profile
• 3. Scattering Profile of Cross-Linked Polymer
• 4. Study of the TFC Membrane
• 5. Small-Angle Scattering From Dilute Polymer Solution or Colloidal Solution Systems
• 6. Probing Polymer–Nanoparticle Interaction in Dilute Solution
• 7. Structure of Polymer Nanocomposite Membrane
• 8. Understanding Form and Structure Factor in Rubbery Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane
• 9. Conclusions

Part 2. Microscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization

Chapter 7. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. AFM Imaging Modes
• 3. Interaction Force Measurements
• 4. Membrane Surface Imaging and Characterization
• 5. Fouling Characterization of Filtration Membranes Using AFM
• 6. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basics of TEM
• 3. Bright-Field and Dark-Field Images
• 4. Specimen Preparation
• 5. Characterization of Membrane Building Block
• 6. Membrane Characterization
• 7. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols

Chapter 9. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy
• 3. Applications in Membrane Characterization
• 4. Conclusion

Part 3. Physical and Chemical Characterization Methods for Membrane Characterization

Chapter 10. Pore Size Measurements and Distribution for Ceramic Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Typical Method for Pore Size Measurements and Distribution
• 3. Comparisons Between Measurements
• 4. Conclusion
• Notation
• Greek Letters
• Subscripts

Chapter 11. The Bubble Gas Transport Method

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Principle of Bubble Gas Transport Method
• 3. Experimental Setup and Procedure
• 4. Critical Aspects of Bubble Gas Transport Method
• 5. Conclusion
• Abbreviations and Symbols

Chapter 12. Contact Angle Measurements

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Theoretical Background
• 3. Method of Contact Angle Measurement
• 4. Factors Affecting Contact Angle Measurements
• 5. Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity Analysis
• 6. The Membrane Characterization by Contact Angle
• 7. Conclusion
• List of Symbols

Part 4. Mechanical Properties Characterization of Membranes

Chapter 13. Mechanical Characterization of Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mechanical Characterization Techniques
• 3. Mechanical Degradation of Polymeric Membranes
• 4. Stress-State of Polymeric Membrane Under Actual Condition
• 5. Advanced Techniques for Mechanical Properties Testing
• 6. Conclusions
• List of Abbreviations

Part 5. Mass Transport, Modeling and Feed Solution Characterization

Chapter 14. Gas and Vapor Transport in Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Gas and Vapor Transport in Membranes
• 3. Application
• 4. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols

Chapter 15. Mass Transport in Porous Liquid Phase Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mass Transfer From the Bulk Feed to the Membrane Surface
• 3. Separation of Solutes at the Membrane Surface
• 4. Transport of Solutes Through the Membrane
• 5. Solute Transfer From the Membrane Interface to the Bulk Permeate
• 6. Liquid Phase Membrane Applications
• 7. Conclusions

Chapter 16. The Use of Modeling for Characterization of Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Background Information
• 3. Simple Models for Basic Membrane Characterization
• 4. Advanced Models for Structural and Electrical Properties Characterization
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 17. Feed Solution Characterization

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Particle Size and Shape
• 3. Methods of Particle Size Measurement
• 4. Particle Charge and Zeta Potential
• 5. Viscosity
• 6. Conclusions

Chapter 18. Electrokinetic Phenomena for Membrane Charge

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Electrophoresis
• 3. Electro-Osmosis
• 4. Sedimentation Potential
• 5. Streaming Potential
• 6. Conclusions