Mayes' Midwifery

15th Edition - June 3, 2017
Editors: Sue Macdonald, Gail Johnson
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 6 3 3 6 - 7

A new edition of a classic textbook fully updated to meet the needs of today’s midwifery student. Now available for the first time in full color, the 15th edition of Mayes Midwife… Read more

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A new edition of a classic textbook fully updated to meet the needs of today’s midwifery student. Now available for the first time in full color, the 15th edition of Mayes Midwifery has an enhanced artwork program and comes with an extensive website which provides 600 MCQs and wide selection of case studies and reflective activities; a downloadable image bank assists with essay and assignment preparation.

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
References
Acknowledgements
Part One The midwife in context
1 The global midwife
Introduction
Global Challenges for Midwifery in the 2030 Era
Gender, Inequality and Inequity
Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
Newborn Mortality
Inequities Associated With Being a Mother
The Impact of Modernization and Development
Coverage and Skilled Attendance at Birth
International Organizations
The Place of the Midwife in the Global Context
Important Considerations for Midwives Intending to Work Overseas
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
2 A history of the midwifery profession in the United Kingdom
The Office of Midwife: A Female Domain
The Midwife, the Church and the Law
Advent of the Man-Midwife
The Decline of the Midwife
The Midwives Institute, Midwife Registration and Maternal Mortality
The National Health Service, Maternity Care and the Midwife
Further Legislative Frameworks: Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act of 1979, Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 and Beyond …
Midwifery – Now and in the Future
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
3 Regulation of midwives
Introduction
Summary of the History of Legislation Regulating the Midwifery Profession
Why Do We Have Regulation?
How Does the NMC Work?
Functions of the NMC
Getting Registered
Staying Registered
NMC Revalidation for Nurses and Midwives
Supervision of Midwives
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
4 Clinical governance and the midwife
Clinical Governance: A Definition
NHS Governance Systems
Learning From Clinical Incidents: Human Factors Science
The Impact of Public Inquiry on Clinical Governance in the UK
The Pillars of Healthcare Governance
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
5 The midwife as a lifelong learner
Introduction
Midwifery Education – From Apprenticeship to Reflective Practice
The Cost of Education
Lifelong Learning
After Qualification and Registration: Continuing Professional Development
Future Developments: Degrees, Masters and PhD/APEL/APL
Computers, E-Learning and the Net
Learning and Development
Learning
New Approaches in Education
Mentorship and the Midwife as a Role Model
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
6 Evidence-based practice and research for practice
Introduction
Defining Research and ‘Midwifery’ Research
Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Midwifery
Process Steps to Improve Practice
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
7 Leadership and management in midwifery
Introduction
Why Leadership Matters to Midwifery
Leadership: Traditional and Contemporary Thinking
Leadership and Management in the NHS
Implications for Midwifery Leadership
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
8 An introduction to ethics and midwifery practice
Introduction
What Is Ethics?
Principles
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
9 The law and the midwife
Introduction to the Law: the Courts and How Laws Are Made
Litigation
Negligence
Developments in the Civil Law
NHS Indemnity Schemes
Consent
Laws Regulating Pregnancy, Birth and Children
Health and Safety Laws
Legal Aspects of Record Keeping
Medicines
Complaints
Statutory Duties
The Duty of Quality
Future Changes
Miscellaneous Legal Issues of Relevance to the Midwife
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
10 Pharmacology and the midwife
Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Childbirth
Drugs in Pregnancy
Drug Administration and Absorption
Drugs in Labour
Legal Aspects
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Two Childbirth in context
11 Sociocultural and spiritual context of childbearing
Introduction
Cultural Competence, Culture and Ethnicity
Midwives and Cultural Competence
Family and Gender
Religion and Spirituality
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
12 Psychological context of childbirth
Introduction
Psychological Adjustment Across the Perinatal Period
Midwife–Woman Relationship
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
13 Sexuality
Sexuality
Sex During Pregnancy
Sexuality and Labour
Women Requiring Specialized Care
Sex After Childbirth
Breastfeeding and Sexuality
Menopause
Conclusion
References
14 National Health Service policy and midwifery
Introduction
The Policy Context
The Structure of the NHS
Politics and Policy
Determinants of Healthy Policy
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
15 Legal frameworks for the care of the child
Introduction
The Children Act 1989
Content and Structure of the Children Act
Support for Children and Families
Family Support Services
Adoption
Children With Disabilities
The Protection of Children
Assessing Children ‘in Need’ and Their Families
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Three Public health, health promotion in the context of childbirth
16 Epidemiology
Introduction
Notifying and Registering Births
Definitions and Sources of Data
Mortality
Maternal Mortality
Stillbirth and Infant Mortality Rates
Interpreting Differences in the Outcome of Pregnancy
Care in Pregnancy and at Birth
International Comparisons
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
17 Nutrition
What Is Nutrition?
Essential Nutrients and Functions
The Importance of Good Nutrition Before and During Pregnancy
Nutrition as a Therapeutic Intervention
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
18 Complementary therapies and natural remedies in pregnancy and birth
Introduction
Complementary Therapies Commonly Used in Pregnancy and Birth
Midwives' Responsibilities Regarding Complementary Therapies and Practice
Midwives' Responsibilities Regarding Independent Practitioners
Midwives Using Complementary Therapies in Their Own Practice
Conclusion
References
19 Health promotion and education
Introduction
The Meaning of Health
Models of Health
Reducing Inequalities in Health
What Is Health Promotion?
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
20 Preconception care
Introduction
Preconception Care Challenges
Aims and Objectives of Preconception Care and Interventions
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Other websites
21 Education for parenthood
Meeting Women's Needs
Empowering Women
Reasons for Parents Attending Parenthood Education Classes
The Importance of Educating Fathers for the Role of Birth Partner
Content of Parenthood Education Programmes
Effective Facilitation of Parenthood Education
Aspects of the Group to Consider
Modern Methods of Delivering Education
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
22 Physical preparation for childbirth and beyond, and the role of physiotherapy
Introduction
Exercise and Sport During Pregnancy
Relaxation
Postnatal Exercise and Advice
Women's Health Physiotherapy
Conclusion
References
23 Vulnerable women
Introduction
Domestic Violence and Abuse
Substance Misuse (Alcohol and/or Drugs)
Pregnant Teenagers
Parents With Learning Disabilities/Intellectual Disability
Black, Minority and Ethnic Women
Poverty and Destitution
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Four The anatomy and physiology of fertility, embryology and fetal development
24 Anatomy of male and female reproduction
Introduction
The Pelvis
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Male Reproductive Anatomy
Midwifery Implications
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
25 Female reproductive physiology
Introduction
Hypothalamic Control of Reproduction
The Ovarian Cycle
Cyclical Changes in Reproductive Organs
Conclusion
References
26 Genetics
Introduction
Genes, Chromosomes and DNA
The Human Genome
Cell Division
Chromosomal Analysis and Anomalies
Modes of Inheritance
Origin of Genetic Diseases
Assessment of Embryo and Fetus
Genetic Counselling/Advice
Screening for Risk Indicators
Diagnostic Tests
Applications of Genetics
Conclusion
References
27 Fertility and its control
Resuming Sexual Relationships Following Childbearing
Methods of Fertility Control
Emergency Contraception
Female Sterilization
Male Contraception
The Role of the Midwife in the Provision of Contraceptive Advice
Special Groups
References
28 Infertility and assisted conception
Introduction
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
Causes of Infertility
Outcome From IVF Treatments
Stress and Infertility
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
29 Fertilization, embryo formation and feto-placental development
Introduction
Towards Fertilization – Sperm Capacitation
Adaptations in the Maternal Brain, Ovary and Uterus
The Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy
Preparation for Implantation
Blastocyst–Endometrial Communication
Implantation – Endometrial Response
Formation of the Cytotrophoblast Shell and Gestational Sac
Histiotrophic Nutrition
Conditions for Embryogenesis and Early Placental Formation
Formation of Extraembryonic Fluid Compartments and Differentiation of the ICM
The Secondary Yolk Sac
The Deciduochorial Placenta
From Embryo to Fetus
The Definitive Placenta
Lung Formation
Feto-placental Circulation
Maternal–Feto-placental Neurohormonal Interactions
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
30 The fetal skull
Introduction
Development of the Fetal Skull
The External Structures of the Newborn Skull
The Skull
Internal Structures of the Fetal Skull
Moulding of the Fetal Skull During Labour
Injuries to the Fetal Skull and Surrounding Tissues
Internal Injuries
The Relevance of the Fetal Skull to Parents
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Five Pregnancy
31 Maternal neurohormonal and systemic adaptations to feto-placental development
Introduction
Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Adaptations
Adaptations in Fluid Regulation
Renal Haemodynamic Adaptations
Hormonal Regulation of Maternal Cardiovascular Adaptations
From Corpus Luteum to Placenta
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Adaptations in the Vascular Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
Ventilation
Adaptations in the Mammary Glands/Breast
Adaptations in the Reproductive Tract
Maternal Neuroendocrine Adaptations to the Fertile Cycle: Synchronized Interactions and Interdependent Development of Mother and Fetus
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
32 Confirming pregnancy and care of the pregnant woman
Introduction
Confirmation of Pregnancy
Antenatal Care
The First Antenatal Visit
Subsequent Antenatal Appointments
Physiological Changes in Pregnancy
Continuous Assessment of Maternal and Fetal Well-Being
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
33 Antenatal investigations
Introduction
Screening and Diagnosis
Blood Tests
Antenatal Maternal Blood Tests to Assess the Fetus
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being
Ultrasound
Invasive Tests
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
34 Choice, childbearing and maternity care
Introduction
Choice Rhetoric and Maternity Care
Where Do Women Give Birth?
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Six Labour and birth
35 Physiological changes from late pregnancy until the onset of lactation
Introduction
Maternal Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Adaptations
Fetal Preparations for Labour
The Fetal Adreno-Placental ‘Clock’
Neuroendocrine and Central Oxytocin Systems From Late Pregnancy
Nocturnal Myometrial Activation and Cervical Ripening
From Late Pregnancy to Birth
Maternal–Fetal Readiness for Labour
From Utero-Placenta Circulation to Mammary Secretions
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
36 Care in the first stage of labour
Introduction
The Continuum of Labour
Characteristics of Labour
Physiology of Labour
Care During the First Stage of Labour
The Birth Environment
Onset of Labour
Observations
General Midwifery Care in Labour
Nutrition in Labour
Assessing the Fetal Condition
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
37 Care in the second stage of labour
Introduction
Signs of Progress
Physiology of the Active Second Stage of Labour
Mechanism of Labour
Duration of the Second Stage of Labour
Positions in the Second Stage of Labour
Midwifery Care
Other Midwifery Techniques
Preparation for the Birth
The Activities of the Midwife During the Birth
Observations and Recordings
Future Research in This Area
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
38 Supporting choices in reducing pain and fear during labour
Introduction
An Exploration of Pain in Labour
Fear and Other Psychological Elements Related to Pain
Cultural Aspect of Pain
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Pharmacological Pain Relief
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
39 Care in the third stage of labour
Introduction
Physiology of the Third Stage
Management of the Third Stage of Labour
Care After Birth (the Fourth Stage)
Records
Conclusion
References
40 The pelvic floor
Introduction and Background
The Pelvic Floor
Considerations for Midwifery Practice
Perineal Trauma
Midwives' Duties and Responsibilities
Episiotomy (Surgical Incision)
The Principles of Perineal Repair
Systematic Assessment of Perineal Trauma
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Seven Postnatal care and the care of the newborn baby
41 Content and organization of postnatal care
Introduction
Aims of Postnatal Care
Care of Women's Health During the Postnatal Period
Care of Women's Psychological Health
The Role of Health Professionals During the Postnatal Period
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
42 Physiology, assessment and care of the newborn
Introduction
Applied Physiology
Care at Birth
Examination of the Newborn
Physical Assessment of the Newborn
Postnatal Care
Metabolic Diseases
Follow-Up of the Baby
Record-Keeping
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
43 Thermoregulation
Introduction
Physiology of Thermoregulation
The Role of the Midwife
Monitoring and Maintaining Temperature
Minimizing the Risks of Hypothermia
The Sick Neonate
Equipment
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
44 Infant feeding and relationship building
Introduction
Why Are BreastMilk and Breastfeeding so Important?
Public Health and Infant Feeding
The Baby Friendly Initiative
Physiology of the Infant Gastrointestinal Tract
Normal Neonatal Metabolism
Constituents of Colostrum and BreastMilk
Contraindications to Breastfeeding
The Midwife's Role in Supporting, Protecting and Promoting Breastfeeding and Helping a Mother to Build a Close and Loving Relationship With Her Baby
Physiology of Lactation
Common Problems
Artificial Feeding
The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Part Eight Women and babies with complex needs
45 The preterm baby and the small baby
Introduction
Prematurity
Problems of the Preterm Baby
Low BirthWeight
Long-Term Complications in the Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Baby
Caring for the Family of the Preterm or Low-Birth-Weight Baby
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
46 Respiratory and cardiac disorders
Introduction
Normal Respiratory and Cardiac Development
Resuscitation of the Newborn
Respiratory Disorders in the Newborn
Cardiac Abnormalities
Parental Care
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
47 Neonatal jaundice
Introduction
Physiology
Physiological Jaundice
Evaluation of Jaundice
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Prolonged Jaundice
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
The Role of the Midwife With the Parents
Follow-Up
The Future
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
48 Neonatal infection
Introduction
Acquisition of Infection
Newborn Immunity
Infections Acquired Around the Time of Birth
Localized superficial infections
Conclusion
References
49 Congenital anomalies, neonatal surgery and pain management
Introduction
Aetiology
Fetal Surgery
Abnormalities of the Alimentary Tract
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Disorders of the Genitourinary System
Kidney disorders
Disorders of sexual development
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Abnormalities of the Skeletal System
Neonatal Pain Management
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
50 Metabolic and endocrine disorders
Introduction
Glucose Homeostasis
Disorders of Glucose Balance
Disorders of Electrolyte Balance
Neonatal Metabolic Screening
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Conclusion
References
51 Stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome
Introduction
Terminology
Incidence
Incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Risk Factors for Stillbirth and Neonatal Death
Human Factors in Stillbirths
Public Health Messages
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
The Role of the Midwife in Reducing Sids
Aftermath of a Baby Death
Review of Perinatal Deaths
Follow-Up Care
Future Pregnancies
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
52 Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Introduction
Aetiology
Mild and Moderate Nausea and Vomiting
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Psychosocial Impact
Care and Management of Mild Symptoms
Care and Management of Moderate to Severe Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy
Eating Disorders and Vomiting in Pregnancy
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
53 Bleeding in pregnancy
Introduction
Bleeding Before the 24th Week of Pregnancy
Implantation Bleeding
Abortion
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (Hydatidiform or Carneous Mole and Choriocarcinoma)
Ectopic or Extrauterine Gestation
Bleeding From Associated Conditions
Bleeding After the 24th Week – Antepartum Haemorrhage
Placenta Praevia
Abruptio Placentae
Vasa Praevia
Management of Antepartum Haemorrhage and the Midwife's Role
Complications
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
54 Hypertensive and medical disorders in pregnancy
Introduction
Hypertensive Disorders
Pre–Existing (Chronic) Hypertension
Gestational Hypertension
Pre-eclampsia
Anaemia
Haemoglobinopathies
Cardiac Disorders
Thyroid Disorders
Renal Disorders
Diabetes
Respiratory Disorders
Epilepsy
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
55 Sexually transmitted infections
Introduction
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Herpes
Genital Warts – Human Papilloma Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Interventions During Pregnancy
Ethical Principles for Midwives Relating to STI and HIV Screening and Treatment
Conclusion
References
56 Abnormalities of the genital tract
Introduction
Developmental Anomalies
Displacements of the Uterus
Pelvic Masses
Female Genital Mutilation
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
57 Multiple pregnancy
The Incidence of Multiple Births
Facts About Multiples
Determination of Zygosity
Diagnosis of a Multiple Pregnancy
Antenatal Screening
Antenatal Preparation
Complications Associated With a Multiple Pregnancy
Fetal Abnormalities Associated With Monozygotic Twins
Antenatal Care
Intrapartum Care
Postnatal Care
References
Resources and additional reading
58 Preterm labour
Introduction
Epidemiology
Prediction and Prevention of Preterm Labour
Preterm Prelabour Rupture of the Membranes
Management of Preterm Labour
Treatment of Preterm Labour
Effect on Families Following Preterm Birth and the Role of Community Midwife
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
59 Obstetric interventions
Introduction
Operative Vaginal Deliveries
Caesarean Section
Conclusion
References
Additional reading and resources
60 Induction of labour and prolonged pregnancy
Induction of Labour
Assessing the Need for Induction
International Perspectives
Prolonged Pregnancy
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
61 Rhythmic variations of labour
Introduction
Prolonged Labour
Overefficient Uterine Action (Precipitate Labour)
Tonic Uterine Action
Cervical Dystocia
Conclusion
References
Resources and Additional Reading
62 Malpositions and malpresentations
Introduction
Identifying Malpositions and Malpresentations of the Fetus
Incidence
Clinical Assessment
Malposition of the Occiput
Malpresentations of the Fetus
Postnatal and Neonatal Implications
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
63 Obstructed labour and uterine rupture
Introduction
Obstructed Labour
Uterine Rupture
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
64 Shoulder dystocia
Introduction
Mechanism
Incidence and Risk
Manoeuvres for Management of Shoulder Dystocia
Other Procedures
Maternal Outcomes
Birth Injury and Fetal Outcomes
Notes and Record Keeping
Education, Training and Development
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
65 Presentation and prolapse of the umbilical cord
Introduction
Causes
Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis
Management of Cord Presentation
Management of Cord Prolapse
References
Resources and additional reading
66 Maternal morbidity following childbirth
Introduction
Role of Midwife
Recognizing Maternal Morbidity
Common Health Problems
Longer Term Implications
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Considerations
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
67 Complications related to the third stage of labour
Introduction
Postpartum Haemorrhage
Hypovolaemic Shock
Prolonged Third Stage and Retained Placenta
Acute Uterine Inversion
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Psychological Considerations
Conclusion
References
68 Pregnancy loss and the death of a baby
Introduction
Understanding Loss and Grief
Different Parental Responses in Bereavement
Supporting Parents
Breaking Bad News
The Scan – the Diagnosis
Miscarriage
Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Anomaly
Labour When a Baby Has Died Due to Miscarriage or TOPFA
Practical Considerations of Birth
Involving Brothers and Sisters
Family and Friends
Organ Donation
Postmortem Examination (Autopsy)
Respectful Disposal
Taking a Baby Home
Registration of the Death
Return Visit to the Hospital Unit
Aftercare and the Months Ahead
How Professionals Can Help
Therapeutic Use of Ourselves
Support and Training for Midwives Working in Partnership With Families
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
69 Maternal mental health and psychological issues
Introduction
A Global Perspective of Women's Mental Health
Violence Against Women
Pregnancy, Childbirth and Mental Health
Who Is ‘At Risk’?
The Midwife's Role in the Antenatal Period
Risk of Suicide
Common Maternal Mental Health Disorders
Fear and Trauma in Labour and Birth
Postnatal Period
Medication During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Coordinated Maternity Care
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
70 Midwifery for the future…where next?
Introduction
The Future
The Image of the Midwife
Technology and Health
The Midwife With Global Vision
Conclusion
References
Resources and additional reading
Index

Sue Macdonald

Affiliations and expertise

Midwife Consultant and Educationalist; Formerly Education and Research Manager and Lead Midwife for Education, Royal College of Midwives, London, UK

Gail Johnson

Gail Johnson began her career in nursing and has been a midwife for more than 30 years. In her midwifery practice Gail worked largely in the community with a focus on normality before moving into midwifery education. Gail’s current role is as a professional advisor in education at the Royal College of Midwives (RCM). She is responsible for the delivery of continuing professional development (CPD) activities for midwives across the UK and overseas. As part of this role Gail has designed and delivered a number of successful large conferences for midwives, including the RCM Legal birth conference and the Bereavement conference. The model for these events has been rolled out across the UK. Gail is also the professional lead on the RCM e-learning initiative, i-learn. The success of the online learning has seen the content increase with over 80 courses available with new content online throughout the year. In addition Gail has worked with the RCM's Chief Executive Professor Cathy Warwick in advising the NHS Leadership Academy on leadership challenges for midwives and nurses, attending a number of development meetings. Her leadership work has enabled her to work closely with midwives at all levels and recently worked with colleagues to design and deliver multidisciplinary workshops for labour ward leaders, addressing the challenges and cultures of maternity service. She also provides advice and consultancy to a number of external agencies both at national and international level on issues which impact on wider health or public health issues. For examples she is the designated lead on stillbirth and bereavement care and works with the Department of Health (England) and Sands (UK) on the role of maternity services in reducing stillbirth and improving bereavement care. In supporting midwives and representing the midwifery profession Gail is frequently asked to speak to the press and media on midwifery, maternity and women's health issues.

Affiliations and expertise

Professional Advisor Education, Royal College of Midwives, London, UK

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health